Funding in Issaquah School District

The responsibility for managing the finances of Issaquah School District lies with the superintendent and the School Board, although it is regulated by state law and is under instructions from the Superintendent of Public Instruction. There are guidelines for budgeting, accounting and financial reporting, which all district schools must follow. School districts plan and formulate a budget before the start of the school year. The budget is formed in accordance to the stipulations of the Superintendent of Public Instruction. The finance department handles money related functions like budgeting, accounting, payroll and benefits, purchasing, accounts payable and receivable, inventory control and asset management. The school district also includes several individual businesses like transport business, food service business, and a child care business. All these are operated on the lines of business model, to ensure accountability and proper use of public funds. In July 2004, a Policy Governance system was introduced by the school board, requiring routine reports on the status and developments occurring in every aspect of district operation. The financial monitoring reports are reviewed several times a year, by the school board. The setting of the school budget requires about a year’s time, and its working is always done for the subsequent year. It requires a four-month time for the completing of the preliminary works like receiving directions for budget setting from Superintendent, legislature, and administrators beginning to work on the budget process. Another four-month period is also required for the drafting of the budget and finalizing the budget, respectively. Apart from gifts and grants received, Issaquah gets less in funding. There are three sources of funding for school districts; namely the federal, state and local taxes. Issaquah gets less funding from all three sources, compared to any other districts. The Issaquah school district ranks 272nd in the revenue per pupil, among the districts in the state. It must be noted here that there are only 296 districts in the state in 2006-07. However many people consider Issaquah as a rich district, unaware of the realities and effects of the lesser funding. School funding is an important agenda debated in Washington’s State legislative and budget panning sessions. In 2006-07, Issaquah received only about $395,000 in federal Title I funding which is aimed at remedial reading programs for the disadvantaged students. This should be compared with other King County districts which get even millions in this fund. The fact that a significant population of Issaquah is considerably affluent, is attributed as the cause for the low funding. In the 1970s, when education was equalized, some districts like Everett and Northshore paid higher salaries to their teachers. Today the state pays about $2000 more per year to an Everett teacher, when compared to an Issaquah teacher. In terms of local funding too, Issaquah treads behind several other districts due to gap in levy authority. Issaquah would collect $6. 4 million more each year if it had the levy authority similar to that of Bellevue, or collected $9. 2 million more per year if it had the levy authority of Mercer Island. In Issaquah, the under-funding of special education by the state is estimated to be around $2. 5 million per year, which is adjusted by local levy dollars. As the local levy dollars cannot be used for supporting other classroom programs, all the students are affected. It is estimated that the under-funding of special education by the Washington State is nearly $200 million per year. On September 30, 2004, about twelve school districts joined together and filed a case against the state for failing to provide the necessary funds for the special education programs. The courts have ruled that Washington State is obliged to fully fund the basic and special education in the district schools.

Boxing should be outlawed

We know that every individual is really inclined in sports. Some people are into sports because they want to see themselves being physically fit and it is a form of their hobby, too. But how about if the sport an individual engages involves intense physical contact that can cause him injury or disability instead of being physically fit? This kind of sport may pertain to boxing because it instigates a lot of physical pain and injury after the fight. Boxing is one of the phenomenal sports nowadays.Most individuals, young and old, really like to watch boxing especially if one of the opponents are their favorite boxer. Several individuals world widely are even encouraged to join boxing because it motivates them to become physically fit. Boxing also gives them an opportunity to experience quality life through the big prizes they receive from the fight and it maybe the chance that they will be recognized world widely; thus, for those individuals who like boxing very much consider it as an art and a sport where you try to predict the next move of your opponent.Moreover, boxing is sometimes called as â€Å"the manly art of self-defense† and it is a kind of sport in which the two opponents try to punch each other with the use of gloves at the same time try to avoid the opponents’ punches. But in spite of its popularity and advantages, many claimed that boxing is not a sport but a â€Å"barbaric† act because it inflicts too much physical pain and it is compared into cockfighting or dueling. Boxing is almost the same with dueling because the participants make an agreement to commit acts upon themselves that can also be considered crimes in different venues.Several advocates believed and debated that boxing must be banned. What are the grounds then of these advocates that they want boxing to be banned or outlawed? For sure, these advocates have reasonable and valid reasons why they want boxing to be outlawed. One article written by Oscar Avelar Bernste in refuted that boxing is not a sport. He said that boxing is come from the Roman Empire which society is full of violence and where gladiator fights are practiced.And there is no doubt why boxing involves barbaric and violent acts because it speaks of where it comes from. To witness a weaker opponent who is being crushed by a stronger opponent and will definitely lead to a bloody fight may be a good ground to banned boxing (see Oscar Avelar Bernstein. â€Å"Boxing is Not a Sport! †). Boxing motivates the audiences, especially the young audiences, to become violent. What the children observed during the fight surely registers on their minds and have the tendency to imitate those punches and become violent.Boxing should be outlawed because it can cause severe injuries, disability or sometimes death if the weaker opponent cannot longer bear the pain caused by the blows that are released by the stronger opponent. Though boxing instigates discipline and a lot of advantages yet it cannot compensate the pain and physical damages which your body receives from the fight. Reference 1. Oscar Avelar Bernstein. â€Å"Boxing is Not a Sport! † http://class. csueastbay. edu/english/real/REAL96/Solos/boxing. html

Human Behavior in Organization Essay

The Traditional Approach – it is assumed that employees are economically motivated and work to earn as much money as they can. * Frederick Taylor developed a method of structuring jobs that he called scientific management. The Human Relations Approach –This approach assumes that employees want to feel useful and important, that employees have strong social needs, and that these needs are more important than money in motivating employees. The Human Resource Approach – the human relationists believed that illusions of contribution and participation would enhance motivation; that the contributions themselves are valuable to both individuals and organizations. Need-Based Perspectives on Motivation The Hierarchy of Needs Theory – developed by Abraham Maslow 1. Physiological needs – the most basic needs which includes food, sex , water, and air 2. Security needs – scrod thing that offers safety and security such as adequate housing, clothes, and freedom from worry and anxiety. 3. Love and belongingness needs – are primarily social that includes the need for love and affection and the need to be accepted by groups or peers. 4. Self esteem needs – the need for self-image and self-respect and the need to be respected by others. 5. Self-Actualization needs – the top of the hierarchy that involves a person’s realizing his or her full potential and becoming all that he or she can be. ERG Theory – developed by Clayton Aldelfer E – existence needs R – relatedness needs G – growth needs Dual Structure Theory – developed by Frederick Herzberg * it was originally called the â€Å"two-factor theory† Other important needs The need for achievement – it is most frequently associated with the work of David McClelland. This need arises from an individual’s desire to accomplish a goal or task more effectively than in the past. The need for Affiliation – the need for human companionship where individual tends to want reassurance and approval from others and usually is genuinely concerned about others’ feelings. The need for power – the desire to control one’s environment, including financial, material, informational, and human resources. Process-Based Perspectives on Motivation The equity theory of motivation – this type of motivation is based on the simple assumption that people in the organizations want to be treated fairly. The theory defines equity as the belief that we are being treated fairly in relation to others, and inequity as the belief that we are being treated unfairly compared with others. When a person feels equitably treated, and then she is motivated to maintain her status quo. When a person is experiencing inequity whether it is real or imagined, she is motivated to reduce it. Six common methods to reduce inequity: 1. Change the inputs – we may put more or less effort into the job, depending on which way the inequity lies. 2. Change the outcomes – we may change our own outcomes like demand a pay raise or seek additional revenues for growth and development. 3. Change our perceptions and behavior – change the original assessment and decide that we are contributing less but receiving more than we originally believed. 4. Change our perception of the comparison-other’s inputs or outcomes – our perception of other people is based on perceptions and perceptions can be changed. 5. Change comparison – we may change the object of comparison like we may conclude for instance, the current comparison-other is the boss’s personal favorite, whether unusually lucky or has special skills and abilities. 6. Leave the situation – the last resort that might decide the only way to feel better is about things is to be in a different situation altogether. The expectancy theory of motivation Victor Vroom – is generally credited with first applying the theory to motivation in the work place. Expectancy theory – the theory attempts to determine how individuals choose among alternative behaviors. This motivation depends on how much we want something and how likely we think we are to get it. 1. Effort-to-Performance Expectancy – a person’s perception of the probability that effort will lead to successful performance. 2. Performance-to-Outcome Expectancy – person’s perception of the probability that performance will lead to a certain other outcomes. 3. Outcomes and Valances – An outcome is anything that might potentially result from performance. The Valence of an outcome is the attractiveness or unattractiveness (the value) of that outcome to a person. The Porter-Lawler Model – Performance results in two rewards: intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. 1. Intrinsic rewards – tangible rewards 2. Extrinsic rewards – intangible rewards LEARNING-BASED PERSPECTIVES Learning – is a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavior potential that results from direct or indirect experience 1. Traditional view: Classical Conditioning – developed by Ivan Pavlov in his famous experiments with dogs. 2. The contemporary view: Learning is a Cognitive Process – it assumes that people are conscious, active participants in how they learn. Reinforcements Theory and Learning Reinforcement theory – is also called â€Å"operant conditioning† which is associated with the work of B. F. Skinner * it assumes that behavior is a function of its consequences. Types of Reinforcements In Organization Reinforcement – it is the consequences of behavior. 1. Positive reinforcement – it is a reward or other desirable consequences that follows behavior which motivates an individual. 2. Avoidance – also known as negative reinforcement, is another means of increasing the frequency of desirable behavior. Instead of receiving a reward following a desirable behavior, the person is given the opportunity to avoid an unpleasant consequence. 3. Extinction – it decreases the frequency of behavior, especially behavior that was previously rewarded. If rewards are withdrawn for behaviors that were previously reinforced, the behavors will probably become less frequent and eventually die out. 4. Punishment – like extinction, also tends to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors. SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENTS IN ORGANIZATION 1. Continuous – rewards behavior every time it occurs. It is very effective in motivating desirable behaviors, especially in early stages of learning. 2. Fixed-Interval – is reinforcement provided on a predetermined, constant schedule. 3. Variable-Interval – also uses time as the basis for applying reinforcement, but it varies the interval between reinforcements. 4. Fixed-Ratio – the number of behaviors needed to obtain reinforcement is constant. 5. Variable-Ratio – the numbers of behaviors required for reinforcement varies over time. COMMUNICATION Communication – is a social process in which two or more parties exchange information and share meaning. PURPOSES OF COMMUNICATION 1. Achieve coordinated action – the primary purpose of communication is to coordinate responses by sending a message to different parts of the organization. 2. Information sharing – most important information relates to organizational goal, which give a member a sense of purpose and direction and also to give specific task direction to individuals. 3. Express feelings and emotions – people in the organization often needs to communicate emotions such as happiness, confidence, anger, displeasure, and fear. COMMUNICATION ACROSS CULTURE Language – differences in language are compounded by fact that the same word can mean different things in different cultures. Coordination – international communication is closely related to issues of coordination. METHODS OF COMMUNICATION 1. Written – written communication is typically used or produced by organization when communicating with an individual, generally someone outside the organization. 2. Oral – most prevalent form of organizational communication is oral. It takes place everywhere, whether it is formal or informal conversation, in meeting, speeches, and presentation etc. 3. Non-verbal – it includes all elements associated with human communication that are not expressed orally or in writing. THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS 1. Source – it is the individual, group, or organization interested in communicating something to another party. 2. Encoding – it is the process by which the message is translated from an idea or thought into symbols that can be transmitted. 3. Transmission – it is the process through which the symbols that carry the message are sent to the receiver. 4. Decoding – it is the process by which the receiver of the message interprets the meaning. 5. Receiver – it may be an individual, group, or organization, or an individual acting as a representative of a group. 6. Feedback – it is the receiver’s response to the message. 7. Noise – this refers to any disturbance in the communication process that interferes with or distorts communication. COMMUNICATION NETWORKS 1. Wheel – it is a pattern in which information flows between the person at the end of each spoke and person in the middle. 2. Chain – each member communicate with the person above and below, except for the individual on each end. It is a typical communication in vertical position which communication travels up and down the chain of command. 3. Circle – each person communicates with the people on both sides but not with anyone else. The circle network if often found in task forces and committees. 4. All-channel – it is often found in informal groups that have no formal structure, leader, or task to accomplish. Communication fidelity – it is the degree of correspondence between the message intended by the source and the message understood by the receiver. Semantics – it is the study of language forms IMPROVING ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS IN COMMUNICATION Reduce noise – noise is the primary barrier to effective organizational communication. * Grapevine (rumor) – a common form of noise, an informal system of communication that coexists with the formal system. Foster informal communication – informal communication fosters mutual trust, which minimizes the effects of status differences. Open communication can also contribute to better understanding between diverse groups in an organization. Develop a Balanced information Network – organizations need to balance information load and information-processing capabilities.

International trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International trade - Essay Example In essence, China’s strategy of protecting the domestic agricultural sector can be seen as an attempt to restrict the importation of agricultural goods from other countries. Different economic models used to analyze the Chinese agricultural sector such as GTAP do not contain any reliable information on the effects of high tariff rates on the Chinese economy. However, several studies have shown that the WTO accession would have positive effects on the Chinese economy. Many economists have asserted that the removal of tariffs and subsidies will have an impact in the production and trade of agricultural goods in the country. Further, several studies on the Chinese agricultural sector show that the country’s agricultural policies have made agricultural producers spend more time in the production of more valuable crops such as wheat, corn and oil seeds as opposed to crops such as fruits and vegetables. It is evident that these policies are aimed at making China self sufficie nt in the production of wheat, corn and oil seeds. However, several economists have suggested that these policies are extremely expensive to the economy since the prices of most Chinese agricultural products are above the prices in the international market. The policies put in place by the government hinder resources from benefiting some of the most influential sectors of the economy such as agriculture. International Trade Background Information The common accord, instituted in 1978, that was aimed at opening up the Chinese economy was a significant factor in invigorating the country’s economic growth. Faster economic success is normally followed by a relative decrease in the agricultural sector. However, in China, this was initially affected by the implementation of the agricultural domestic accountability system. This system contributed to the substitution of collective agricultural holdings with individually administrated holdings. Later, there was the introduction of les s taxation in the agricultural sector, an initiative that was followed by most developed countries in their early years of development (Snape 1991, p. 67). Developments in the agricultural sector grew faster in a similar manner as the other sector of the economy such as industries from 1979 to 1984. However, the benefits of moving to the household responsibility system and the increment of relative prices for farm products were realized later, in the mid 1980s. After the 1980s, agriculture did not experience any significant growth like the service and industrial sectors. The industrial sector experienced faster growth on the eastern seaboard. In addition, trade in the rural townships boomed, which led to rising employment rates. In as much as there was the decline in agriculture’s contribution in the country’s GDP, and employment in the 1980s, there was a subsequent increase in the contribution to GDP in 1990s (World Bank 2005, p. 34). Introduction China is currently a signatory to WTO according to Pigott (2002). This enables the country to take an active part in new rounds of bilateral trade discussions. The country can, for example, demand improved market penetration for its agricultural exports and other products in the global market. If WTO membership improves China’s chances of increasing its access to agricultural products more than other markets in the global market in the future, that would be a significant benefit for China’

Unfair Dismissal Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Unfair Dismissal Report - Essay Example 9. Employed in Victoria or in a Territory. In determining if this has been the case, the Commission must have regard to a number of factors including: 1. whether there was a valid reason for the termination and whether the employee was notified of that reason; 2. whether the employee was given an opportunity to respond; 3. if the termination related to unsatisfactory performance by the employee and whether the employee had previously been warned about that unsatisfactory performance; 4. the degree to which the size of the employer's business, or the absence of dedicated human resource management specialists, may have had an impact on termination procedures. The AIRC hears cases which are still unresolved after going through the conciliation process. Its role is to decide, after hearing from both sides, whether the dismissal was harsh, unjust or unreasonable. It also exercises a range of powers under the Act in relation to ensuring the establishment and maintenance of fair minimum wages and conditions of employment, preventing and settling industrial disputes, facilitating agreement making between employers and employees, conciliating and arbitrating claims in relation to the termination of employees and dealing with matters concerning industrial organizations. The AIRC seeks to help employers and employees to reach a settlement in a way that minimizes legal costs and discourages vexatious and unreasonable claims. If matters are not settled, the AIRC will make a decision that is binding on both the employer and employee. Under the Act, the AIRC is responsible for conciliation in both unfair dismissal and unlawful termination cases. Only unfair dismissal cases, however, can be arbitrated in the AIRC. Procedural fairness has two meanings in... Unfair Dismissal Report The Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC) had to decide on a balance of probabilities whether the applicant had proven her allegations regarding unlawful discrimination and harassment taking into account all the evidence available to it. The AIRC seeks to help employers and employees to reach a settlement in a way that minimizes legal costs and discourages vexatious and unreasonable claims. If matters are not settled, the AIRC will make a decision that is binding on both the employer and employee. Procedural fairness has two meanings in this context. Firstly, one of the characteristics of a Tribunal is informality - which generally means excluding the rules of evidence, whilst retaining due process, natural justice or procedural fairness. The AIRC are required to do what is fair in the circumstances of each case. The onus is on yielding a fair result and if that requires greater formality then the AIRC will do so in order to establish any disputed facts. For example in the case study, the Tribunal arranged for the parties to agree the matters which were not in dispute prior to the hearing of the matter. Tribunal members hearing cases are also ready to help applicants to understand the issues in their cases and the procedures in the Tribunal where they can. In particular, Mrs Huang was given the opportunity to change her interpreter. The Tribunal also reminded the interpreter that he could ask to stop the proceedings if they were going too quickly for him to ensure an accurate translation of what was said. The Tribunal was of the view that it was imperative that Mrs Huang understood the proceedings as if it were her first language.

Historical cost accounting is meaningless in todays complex business Essay

Historical cost accounting is meaningless in todays complex business environment - Essay Example Historical cost accounting and its alternatives have uses for different firms, markets, management and investment strategy, and auditing approaches, and there is no reason why they cannot both be used even within the same financial report! Historical Cost Accounting Summary Historical cost accounting is the process of accounting based on the historical value of an asset at the time of purchase after taking into account depreciation (Williamson, 2003; National Audit Office, 2009, 88). Historical cost accounting was once a near-universal standard, but now many different standards may threaten coherence (Cao). Disadvantages Historical cost accountings do have serious limits, and they deserve to be addressed. First: Depreciation is arbitrary because it's based on out-of-date values and estimations rather than any real benchmark (Greuning and Koen, 2001, p. 47). The depreciation charges don't end up making a realistic estimation of the actual replacement cost either. However, aside from t he advantage of keeping the information all self-contained, historical cost accounting also tends to report information from the firms' perspective: This asset was bought at price X and term Y. Second: Profits will be exaggerated because actual trading will involve replacing assets, which means giving up old assets which are undervalued (Gruening and Koen, 2001, p. 47). However, not all assets are fungible at full price. Historical cost accounting has the advantage that it lets the company recall what the product was worth at any given time. Third: There are possible negative tax implications (Gruening and Koen, 2001, p. 47). Overstating profits by undercharging the depreciation value (e.g. if I buy land twenty years ago, the depreciation isn't on the market value at that time but the value of the land currently as it depreciates or appreciates) and charging cost based on the historical costs of inventories can cause higher tax charges. The value of labor is also not included or dev eloped by historical cost accounting (Stovall, 2001, p. 2-4). Traditional accounting theories, in line with neoclassical economic theory, tend to view everything that is quantifiable as all that makes up an economy (Stovall, 2001, 2-4). Human capital, which is harder to measure and has growth rates which are not easily predictable, do not easily fit into the model and thus are jettisoned. Then again, Stovall (2001, p. 2-4) makes clear that fair value, current purchasing power and net present value accounting do not do this either. The failure to account for inflation, aside from the other problems already discussed, means that the firm may not be protecting its capital base (Gruening and Koen, 2001, 47). It also makes it hard to benchmark performance because different market conditions aren't being accounted for, allowing management to sit on their laurels since it's difficult to see if the company's value is really growing even after controlling for inflation. That having been said , inflation-keyed metrics can lull investors into a false sense of security (Fukui, 2003, p. 2). In fact, it may not be fair to measure executives against inflation of the market in general, given that the market is a cross-section which includes a mixture of high and low risk growths whereas individual firms are not. Another issue

Education of Students with disorders and disabilities Essay

Education of Students with disorders and disabilities - Essay Example The method used should be able to solve the problem for the student. The teacher should be able to comprehend the content first and then transform it to a form that is easy to grasp by the student (Alter, Brown and Pyle 2011). The method of teaching should enable the student to decode the problem and solve most of the problems. The individual performance of each student is necessary to enable the teacher to know the method that best suits each student. There are various strategies that include the draw a picture method, the guess and check method as well the making a table or chart method. For the guess and check strategy, the teacher should ask the students to make a guess from the information that he gives. The draw a picture strategy helps the students as it creates graphics in their minds that are important in comprehending what they are learning. The same aspect applies to the making a table or a chart method. These techniques can be used to teach both Math and English Language Arts. Using Phonemic games is also important especially in teaching English. It involves moving sound tokens for each sound segment. For example, reversing the word ‘cat’ to ‘tac’ and removing the first letter to read ‘at.’ Anyone can nurture the self-esteem and self-determination of students with special needs. Their self-advocacy skills can also be enhanced for them not to feel as though they are less worthy students. Below are some of the techniques that can help in boosting the self-esteem as well as enhancing the self-determination of these students. One of the ways you can nurture the self-esteem and self-determination of students with special needs is by recognizing and enhancing their talents. The reason this is important is because not all students are talented academically. Whatever a student is gifted in, the teacher or parent should focus on that. You should also help the students to look beyond the school. Yes, it is

Economic efficiency of green buildings Dissertation

Economic efficiency of green buildings - Dissertation Example Furthermore there is a growing awareness regarding the various ways in which sustainable practices can be incorporated within the industry such as the ‘green rating’ systems for buildings incorporated by governments of various nations, as well as industry wide practices. Such ratings help in measuring the carbon footprints of buildings, and thus provide the owners with detailed information and statistics, which can be used by them as a basis / foundation for implementing suitable changes. However, despite the growing awareness and information regarding the impact of current non-sustainable practices within this industry, on the environment, and the subsequent development of government imposed or industry led practices of rating systems, the success has been relatively lower than expected. This is because, most of the real estate developers and other institutional investors, are skeptical regarding the profits or benefits to them, on adoption and implementation of environ mentally friendly practices, since most of the evidence regarding this subject is, so far, highly anecdotal (Eichholtz, Kok,2009). ... However, the lack of enthusiasm within the industry or reluctance to implement the green initiatives is largely on account of the contradictions present in the literature and differing views and opinion of experts, regarding the credibility of the issue. There is an ongoing debate within the industry regarding the greenhouse effect of buildings, where deciding whether it is a market-driven approach, or a mandatory environmental regulation imposed by government, for various purposes is relatively difficult. One such example of government imposed obligation is the public display and/ or sharing of Energy Performance Certificates by buildings in accordance with the EU directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (Fuerst, McAllister, 2008). Furthermore another reason for the lack of acceptance and implementation of green measures within this industry is the fact that there is a sever lack of understanding among the appraisers who are significantly conservative with regard to their ap proaches and business practices, and display a severe lack of training and knowledge regarding the consequences of non acceptance of environmentally friendly practices such as the use of cooling systems, and better air flow or use of environmentally friendly materials for construction etc among others. However, with the growing literature regarding the harmful side effects and the possible benefits of using environmentally friendly practices, is likely to bring about positive changes within the industry (Fuerst, McAllister, 2008). It has been increasingly established through research that the greener buildings are more likely as compared to their counterparts, to retain more value. This is evident from the fact that many of

Media producer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Media producer - Essay Example A considerable and significant relationship is cropping up between the audience and media producers. The audience is actually playing the role of a media producer in a way. This is because television producers need the audience for their programmes. Without the audience, there no need to produce a media text. Hence, the taste, age, gender, lifestyles, income, and television watching and reading habits of the audience determine the choice of a media text (Wilson, 2011). Because of this, media producers seek to satisfy their audience in producing the media text in order to remain commercially active. Additionally, many media producers are also the audience and vice versa. The audience chooses and influences the media texts to consume through interactions and discussions. Thus, the audience dictates the media texts to be produced thus acting as a media producer. I have acted as a media producer in relevant ways. Through online forums, mobile phone, and physical interactions with fellow fans and people interested in my favorite media texts. Indeed, we discuss the progress of a certain programme, its content, and its timing. We consequently air our suggestions and possible disappointments to the media producers that are available online. In some occasions, we have complained on missed programme episodes, changed the programme airing time, and even requested for replays. In conclusion, the quality of the engaged audience dominates over the quantity of the audience in the modern media

Discuss how job redesign can improve organisational performance Essay

Discuss how job redesign can improve organisational performance - Essay Example This paper sheds light on how job-redesign improves the overall organizational performance, by enlisting a myriad of advantages that are linked with job redesign. 2. Job Redesign and Organizational Performance 2.1. Employee Motivation The basic objective behind job redesign is to motivate the employee so that he is willing to perform better and produce greater results than before (Zhang & Bartol 2010). Employee motivation brings about increased worker productivity because it guarantees high quality worker job experience. Smith (1994) discusses the reason why employee motivation is at all necessary, and comes up with the answer that organizations need to implement motivational strategies through job redesign to ensure their survival in the market, because when employees are motivated, they perform better. Lindner (1998), in his research about what motivates employees, found that job redesign includes motivating factors such as interesting work, good wages, appreciation, encouragement, job security, healthy workplace environment, promotions, participation in decision-making, and sympathy shown from the supervisors on personal problems. 2.2. Employee Empowerment Job redesign empowers employees, which leads to a boost in employees’ morale, job persistence, productivity, and organizational performance; and, the absence of these factors can destroy the whole organization (Kuo et al. 2010). Gitman and McDaniel (2007:323) have called this â€Å"investing in people† which includes four trends called employee â€Å"education and training, employee ownership, work-life benefits, and nurturing knowledge workers†. Bilton (2007:71) suggests that job redesign must empower the first-line entrepreneurs instead of controlling them, and that it should give â€Å"greater autonomy and flexibility† to the employee, as there are commercial reasons for it like achievement of business goals. 2.3. Job Satisfaction Tella, Ayeni and Popoola (2007, par.15) defin e job satisfaction as a comfortable feeling that results from â€Å"employees’ perception of how well their job provides those things that are viewed as important†. The most precious asset that a company may cherish is its employees, and it needs to be seriously concerned with all issues that may dissatisfy, frustrate or depress them. Without happy employees, no strategy is going to work, and no progress will be seen in the long run. After job redesigning, employees work harder because they have enough motivation to learn and excel (Tims & Bakker 2010). They help their employers to increase productivity and achieve customer satisfaction. Tietjen and Myers (1998) state that organizational support through job redesign guarantees improved turnover behavior among employees, because they want to stick to their jobs when they find that their employers are there to value their strengths and eliminate their weaknesses through proper training. This creates a trustworthy relatio nship between employees and employers, which also results in reduced workplace conflicts and enhanced organizational performance. Today, employers are spending thousands of compensation dollars to devise and implement benefit plans,

Masi Tupangato project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Masi Tupangato project - Essay Example In relation to the increasing pace of the global business environment, it is highly essential for an organisation to develop a well-built structure to effectively operate its various practices. An appropriate structure of an organisation is one of the vital factors to attain substantial benefits as the aspect provides effective coordination between the organisational processes and enables it to accomplish the determined goals (Massa & Zhang, 2010). With relation to the management process concerning the Masi Tupungato project, building effective project team can be identified as one of the major and initial decisions which can facilitate the accomplishment of each phase of the project implementation plan in a more efficient way in terms of cost efficiency, time effectiveness and quality assurance. Notably, as the company intends to manufacture wine following the native procedure in the Venetian regions, its organisational structure and project team should involve professionals who are highly skilled and aware of the rudiments of such winemaking culture. With this concern, the organisational structure of the project shall involve authoritative bodies from Masi who would be responsible to direct the entire process of wine manufacturing and warehousing for the export functions. This particular group of professionals will also be responsible to direct the skilled and trained personnel in the Tupungato region. Additionally, the required numbers of staff and labourers will be hired from the Tupungato valley. and the surrounding

Analysis of “Their Eyes Were Watching God” Essay Example for Free

Analysis of â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† Essay The search for one’s identity is as poignant for the fictional character Janie as it was for former slave Frederick Douglass. Douglass used education to form an independent identity, which would separate him from the white slave masters. In contrast, Janie attempts to construct a dependent identity through marriage to each of her three husbands. With the death of her final husband Tea Cake, she plants the seeds he left behind, symbolically proving that she has grown as the seeds will grow and she is now a woman with her own identity. Janie’s first husband Logan does not understand that like any plant, Janie needs room to grow. He gives Janie material advantages through his sixty acres of land, but does not know how to treat her as his wife and not a servant. The reader receives a glimpse into his heart as he sobs while shouting his suspicion that she is planning to leave him, proving that he does want to please her. Through their lack of communication, however, Janie feels that the relationship is dead and leaves to marry Joe Starks, whom she believes will always provide her with springtime. Joe Starks gives her material wealth as well as a prominent position in the community for the price of her ultimate subservience. He is a jealous husband so she is not allowed to let her hair down in the store for fear that other men might covet it, and he refuses to let her take part in the community gatherings outside the store. After seven years of marriage and constant submission, Janie reflects on their relationship, realizing that â€Å"She wasn’t petal-open with him anymore.† As in her first marriage, Joe wants someone who will serve him and fill the role of the mayor’s wife, not an equal partner. While married to Joe she can only be the mayor’s wife and receive respect through his position instead of receiving respect for herself. Janie’s final marriage to Tea Cake teaches her to love herself, though at first she still is dependent upon having a man around for a sense of identity. She places great importance on his desire to play checkers with her and it seems as though Janie will always need a man beside her for fulfillment. Tea Cake shows her to love each aspect of herself. Janie comments on their blooming relationship during the hurricane, â€Å"If you can see the light at daybreak, you don’t keer if you die at dusk. It’s so many people never seen de light at all.† Janie’s light is her newfound ability to realize her worth. When Tea Cake is bit by the mad dog and attempts to bite her Janie saves herself, knowing that he loved her more. At the novel’s conclusion Janie says, â€Å"Two things everybody’s got tuh do fuh theyselves. They got tuh go tuh God, and they got tuh find out about livin’ fuh theyselves.† Thus power of truth for Janie is not book knowledge, but rather the knowledge that she has grown to discover an identity all her own.

Computer Crime Legislation in the UK

Computer Crime Legislation in the UK Computer crime is on the increase as there are many users of the internet and social-networking sites. Evaluate the extent to which relevant legislation has intended to serve as a deterrent to such offences. Since the launch of the computers in the mid 1970s, they have played a major role in todays society as it is impossible to live without a computer as most of us are so dependent on them. Computers is used in a number ways such as booking a flight, buying insurance, reading the news, communicating with other people. Another reason people use a computer is to commit crimes. Computer crime has risen at an alarming rate as people think they can be undetected and be anonymous. This is because it is easier to commit a crime in the cyber world than in the real world. When a crime is committed in the real world, physical evidence is always left behind such as blood and fingerprints. In the cyber world there isnt any physical evidence. The thought of their tracks would not be traced, however they are mistaken as tracking down an IP address has become easy to track making it hard for criminals to stay invisible while they are online. An IP address is short for internet protocol address and this identifies a computer on network. The IP addresses are based on the networks that use the TCP/IP protocol. Various activities are committed by not just by criminals but ordinary people as well. These activities would consist of crimes linked to child pornography such as downloading images, stealing identities, hacking to other account to gain information for the third pa rty, creating a virus and money frauds are known to become easier by the use of computers. Credit card numbers, personal id information can also be targeted by programmed automated software. People commit these crimes as they have a thrill of taking advantage of a computer system. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) is a common form of attack on computers. This process involves criminals can have controlled access to multiple computers and use them to attack a number of targets or one target. Another form of attack is malicious software (malware). This consists of software that allows criminal to have full control of a system and allowing the malware creator to do whatever they want. The malware can be a number of things such as a virus, worm, Trojan, adware, spyware and a root kit. A virus is the most serious form of attack. This consists the virus affecting the computer or other electronic devices that are passed by other user activity e.g. an email attachment being opened. http://www.seas.ucla.edu/2011, http://www.webopedia.com/2013 As computer crime has risen, the cost of cyber crime is also a threat to the government and the nation. According to the Cabinet office, cyber crime in the UK costs  £27bn a year. These costs are made up of  £21bn to businesses; which is more than the offices annual budget,  £2.2bn to the government and  £3.1bn to public. Baroness Neville-Jones the Security minister stated in a briefing the government was determined to work with industry to tackle cyber crime. At the moment, cyber criminals are fearless because they do not think they will be caught The Police and Justice act 2006 is an act of parliament in the UK. Part 5 of the act the miscellaneous section under chapter 48 introduced the Computer Misuse Act 1990 (CMA). The Computer Misuse Act 1990 (CMA) was passed in 1990 and is part of the UK Parliament. The principle of the act to is frame legislation and controls any activity linked to computer crime and internet fraud. The act was introduced to deal with issues that have occurred by the misuse of computers. The act are based on three offences that cover Unauthorized access to computer material unauthorised access to a computer with intent to commit or facilitate the commission or a further offence and unauthorised modification of computer material The first act Unauthorised access to computer material even though there isnt any physical damage, its an offence when a person is found guilty of using any computer material without permission which makes it illegal. An example of this would be the case of R v Astrid Curzon. Curzon 49 was found guilty of gaining access to a schools email system. She gained access from her home and therefore found private emails from the head teacher to staff members. The email contained discussions about employment of other staff members. Another example of this would be the case of DPP v Bignell [1998]. Two police officers already had access to the police national computer (PNC) that is only used for police purposes. The pair asked the computer operator who used to the computer to obtain information from the DVLA through the police national computer without knowing it was for their own pleasure purposes. The divisional court had stated that the two polices officers didnt commit a crime under section 1 Unauthorized access to computer material. the divisional court believe that the two police officers didnt commit a crime and their conclusions were right, as the decision wasnt over ruled by the House of Lords in Bignell. It was a possible view of the facts that the role of the officers in Bignell had merely been to request another to obtain information by using the computer. The computer operator did not exceed his authority. His authority permitted him to access the data on the computer for the purpose of responding to requests made to him in proper form by police officers. No offence had been committed under section 1 of the CMA. In a more recent article in the Daily Mail online(PUBLISHED: 05:00, 17 December 2012) Hollywood stars Scarlett Johansson, Mila Kunis and Christina Aguilera computer was hacked by Christopher Chaney 36, was arrested for wiretapping and unauthorised access when he hacked into their email accounts. He managed to gain access by using Google and then using the i got forgot my password button. He tried a number of combinations of names and then he reset account passwords by finding pet names, where they were born, and the name of their schools. The most serious incident when Chaney posted nude photographs of Johansson and her then husband all over the internet. The second act unauthorised access to a computer with intent to commit or facilitate the commission or a further offence as stated in the first act no actual physical damage to the computer material. Using the system without permission would make it illegal and committing a on the system would be illegal too. This act mainly covers actions such as using email contents for blackmail. An example of these would be the case of R v Delamare [2003] the defendant was working in bank and was offered  £100 to use the banks computer systems to gain information of other bank details. The third act unauthorised modification of computer material an example of this act would be the case of R v Pavel Cyganok and Ilja Zakrevski [2012].( published 2 July 2012 Last updated at 11:23 2 July) Cyganok and Zakrevski were arrested and convicted of masterminding hi-tech crimes. The pair used a SpyEye Trojan to obtain login details for online accounts. The stolen data was then uploaded to servers which the pair had access to.  £100,000 of the stolen money was stolen and laundered through online accounts allowing criminals to access. The acts are associated with penalties for both individuals and groups of people that are part of a gang. The penalties can be severe for breaching the three offences. The penalties are varied based on what act have been breached. Each of the offences are divided into summary penalties a trail without a jury and an indictment penalties a trail with a jury. In the first act if the individual was found guilty the summary conviction in England and Wales the prison sentence would be a term of 12 months or a fine up to the statutory maximum ( £5000) or both. On a conviction, the prison sentence would be of two years that shouldnt be exceeded or a fine or both. In the second act, the summary conviction is a prison sentence of 6 months or a fine that is not allowed to be exceeded the statutory maximum or both. On a conviction, the prison sentence would be term of five years or a fine or both. In the third act, if the individual was found guilty the summary conviction would be prison sentence of one year or a fine that is not allowed to be exceeded the statutory maximum or both. On a conviction, the prison sentence would be 10 years or a fine or both. Section 35 of the Police and Justice 2006 had amended the Computer misuse act 1990. The amended act looks at new offences which offences 1 and 2 are now combined together into a new offence. A new offence was added into the act 3a offence. This affect took place on 1st October 2008. The three new offences are as follows: Unauthorised access to computer materials (hacking), Carrying out unauthorised acts in relation to a computer and Making, supplying or obtaining articles for use in computer misuse offences. The penalties were also added to the new offences. The police and justice act increased the penalties for the first offence unauthorised access to computer material. The computer misuse act can be compared to other laws and legislations. The Computer Crime Act (CCA) was passed in 1997 is an act of the Malaysian government introduced the legal framework to ease the growth of ICT systems called Cyber laws of Malaysia. The act was given a Royal Assent on June 18, 1997 but didnt come into force on June 1, 2000. This act was introduced purpose of protecting consumers and people that provide a service. The act also protects online businesses and owners of intellectual property. The act was designed to stop offences as computers are misused in a number of ways, as this was added to other existing criminal legislation. The Computer Crime Act and the Computer Misuse Act do have a number of similarities in the case of the three offences; however it differs in more ways. As the Computer Misuse Act as the three offences, the computer crime act looks at a wider range of offences. The CCA looks at the understanding of computers, the computer network, output, c omputer data and the functions it uses. The act looks at computer programs and premises. The definition of a computer in CCA is summarised as any electronic devices that are programmable and has the ability to store data. The CCA looks at more severe penalties compared to the CMA. For the first offence, unauthorised access to computer material the Malaysian law states that if the individual were found guilty the prison sentence would be a maximum sentence that shouldnt be exceeded five years and or a fine of not exceeding RM 50,000 ( £10,273,45) for the 2nd offence, the Malaysian law states for the offence of unauthorised access with intent to commit or facilitate commission of further offences if the individual were found guilty the prison sentence would be a maximum sentence ten years that shouldnt be exceeded and or a fine not exceeding RM 150,000( £30,820,35). For the 3rd offence unauthorized modification of the contents of any computer the Malaysian law states that if the individual was found guilty the prison sentence would be not exceeding seven years and or a fine not exceeding RM 100,000( £20, 546, 90) On a liable prison sentence not exceeding ten years if the act was intentionally brok en and or a fine not exceeding RM 150,000, which is the equivalent to ( £30, 820, 35)   The computer misuse act can also compared to the American law the Computer fraud and abuse act 1986. The act was passed by the united congress. The act is a federal legislation that is aimed to restrict computer crimes that come under the federal jurisdiction.the whole purpose of the act was to strengthen, widen, and clarify to protect computer systems from vandalism. The act also includes the usage of virus and programs that have been intended to destroy a computer system. The law prevents the unauthorized access of any computer system and the obtainment of classified government information. http://ecommerce.hostip.info.2013 Comparing to The Computer Misuse Act and The Computer Crime Act (CCA) 1997, the Computer fraud and abuse act 1986 has more severe penalties. If the individual were guilty of physical damage to a computer system, the prison sentence would be a term of 20 years that shouldnt be exceeded and the fine reaching $250000 ( £155,870.00). Under this law, Prosecutors are challenged to prove that the defendant intentionally caused damages to a computer. The other acts are not so severe than this act.   Even though the computer misuse act is in place, the act still does not stop criminals from committing an offence. In the BBc news online (4 July 2011 Last updated at 19:24 ) The crimes are committed as people want to gain information and sell to a third party. In 2011 it was reported back in 2002 the News of the World newspaper had hacked in to Milly Dowler mobile phone and had listened to the voicemails and then deleted the messages. Later the news of the world was forced to shut down the paper after the hacking scandal as they had admitted interfering with teenagers phone. The victims family and friends said it gave them false hope that she was still alive and Milly had deleted the messages herself. By the time the messages were deleted. By this time, the teenager was already murdered. The hacking was classed as an unlawful interception of communications. This comes under Section 1 of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000. In an article in the Daily Mail online, (PUBLISHED: 02:08, 9 June 2012 ) 11,000 people are believed to hunted by the police for using a service of a cyber-crime gangs website that offered false identification and tips on how to commit a crime. The gang had cloned a number the identities of people who a high credit rating. Pay slips bank statements, passports and driving licenses was also sold to the gangs members. The website also offered other services such as different tiers of access as the users where trusted to use the website. One of the services included a platinum profile that cost  £5,500 that came with instructions on how to commit identity fraud. For  £2,000, Confidential Access (CA) offered a 100% Creditmaster profile, which was exclusive to VIP members of the website. The website was claimed to worth be  £200million and had a turnover of  £11m between 2004 and 2008. The paying customers paid from around  £50 for a utility bill to  £800 for a set of three year s professionally sealed. Detective Inspector Tim Dowdeswell said: This was a sophisticated operation which has netted millions of pounds over the years. These cyber criminals not only provided the tools to commit fraud, they instructed their clients in how to use them to make the maximum amount of money, whilst ruining real peoples credit histories into the bargain. We have already brought many of their students in crime to court and will continue to work with other police forces and partners to bring those people who bought and used these identities in their own frauds to justice.   Concluding this essay, computer crime will still be on the increase. Crimes will be committed depending what the motivation is such as greed and pleasurable need. The Computer misuse act 1990 has a number of flaws as it failed in the case of DPP v Bignell [1998] as the prosecutor felt that no crime was committed under section 1 of authorised access. The police national computer (PNC) was used when a police officer obtained information for their own pleasurable needs, even though police officers had access to the PNC. The Computer misuse act 1990 should not have failed, as the police national computer should be used for policing only. Another way it can fail is the source of the crime such as the IP address and hackers would find ways and use another IP address to avoid them getting caught. I do believe that the computer misuse act can work as a deterrent, as it has a high knowledge that projects any computer system that involves criminating activities. The act helps to keep people safe and their personal information safe too. My views on the Computer misuse act 1990 that their punishment should be severe as the Computer fraud and abuse act 1986. I say this because i feel with a harsher punishment people will learn their lesson on not to commit a crime. If an individual served a 12 month prison sentence with a small fine, they would be tempted to commit another crime as they would feel that their punishment was not harsh enough. My recommendations would be that the Computer misuse act 1990 should have harsher punishments matching up to the penalties of the Computer Misuse Act and the Computer Crime Act (CCA) 1997. I also believe that the government should have more power over the individuals who commit crime as 27bn was wasted on computer crimes. I also i believe that the act should at other aspects and not focusing on three sections. If prosecutors are dealing with computer crime cases, they themselves should have an understanding of the act and not allow anymore cases to be dismissed. References BBC News News of the World hacked Milly Dowler phone. 2013. BBC News News of the World hacked Milly Dowler phone. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14017661. [Accessed 29 December 2012]. Cyber-criminal fraud gang who lived lavish lifestyles jailed for multi-million pound ID scam | Mail Online. 2013. Cyber-criminal fraud gang who lived lavish lifestyles jailed for multi-million pound ID scam | Mail Online. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2156724/Cyber-criminal-fraud-gang-lived-lavish-lifestyles-jailed-multi-million-pound-ID-scam.html. [Accessed 19 December 2012] Christopher Chaney: Computer hacker who leaked nude photos of Scarlett Johansson is sentenced to 10 years in prison | Mail Online. 2013. Christopher Chaney: Computer hacker who leaked nude photos of Scarlett Johansson is sentenced to 10 years in prison | Mail Online. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2249693/Christopher-Chaney-Computer-hacker-leaked-nude-photos-Scarlett-Johansson-sentenced-10-years-prison.html. [Accessed 20 December 2012] The cost of cyber crime | Cabinet Office. 2011. The cost of cyber crime | Cabinet Office. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/resource-library/cost-of-cyber-crime. [Accessed 19 December 2012] Bobby Stocks 2013. Why Do People Commit Computer Crimes? | eHow.com. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ehow.com/about_4709031_do-people-commit-computer-crimes.html. [Accessed 19 December 2012] What is IP address? An IT Definition From Webopedia.com. 2013. What is IP address? An IT Definition From Webopedia.com. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/IP_address.html. [Accessed 20 December 2012] Malicious Software. 2011 Malicious Software. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.seas.ucla.edu/security/malware.html. [Accessed 20 December 2012] What is DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack? A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary. 2013. What is DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack? A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/DDoS_attack.html. [Accessed 20 December 2012] Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of (1986) Information, Law, System, and Damage . 2013. Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of (1986) Information, Law, System, and Damage . [ONLINE] Available at: http://ecommerce.hostip.info/pages/248/Computer-Fraud-Abuse-Act-1986.html. [Accessed 21 December 2012] CyberCrimes: Computer Crime Act 1997. 2009. CyberCrimes: Computer Crime Act 1997. [ONLINE] Available at: http://cybercrimes09.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/computer-crime-act-1997.html. [Accessed 10 January 2013]. Computer Misuse Act 1990: not yet in force: Legal Guidance: The Crown Prosecution Service. 2013. Computer Misuse Act 1990: not yet in force: Legal Guidance: The Crown Prosecution Service. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/a_to_c/computer_misuse_act_1990/#an07. [Accessed 10 January 2013]. IMPACT ®:The amended Computer Misuse Act: IMPACT guide to the essentials. 2006 IMPACT ®: The amended Computer Misuse Act: IMPACT guide to the essentials. [ONLINE] Available at: http://impact.freethcartwright.com/2006/11/a_while_ago_we_.html. [Accessed 10 January 2013]. Former beauty queen spied on headteachers email (From Swindon Advertiser). 2012. Former beauty queen spied on headteachers email (From Swindon Advertiser). [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.swindonadvertiser.co.uk/news/local/9881311.Former_beauty_queen_spied_on_headteacher_s_email/. [Accessed 10 January 2013]. Computer Frauds Unauthorised Access + Intent + Modification. 2012. Computer Frauds Unauthorised Access + Intent + Modification. [ONLINE] Available at: http://legal.practitioner.com/regulation/standards_9_3_22.htm. [Accessed 10 January 2013]. BBC News Online bank robbers face jail time for e-crimes. 2012. BBC News Online bank robbers face jail time for e-crimes. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-18672068. [Accessed 10 January 2013]. INTERNET COMPUTER CRIME. 2013.. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.stjohnsbuildings.com/resources/s/n/4/ComputerCrimeNotes.pdf. [Accessed 10 January 2013].

Franz Joseph Haydn

Franz Joseph Haydn Franz Joseph Haydn Franz Joseph Haydn was born a peasant in the village of Rohrau, Austria on March 31, 1732. His father, a wagon maker by trade, was musically inclined. He often played the harp while his wife, Haydns mother, sang along. The second child of twelve in a peasant home left Haydn little chance of attending school, however young Franzs early showings of musical ability caused his cousin to take notice and fund his education to be given at St. Stephens (Franz Joseph Haydn Biography, NAXOS). At age eight he was given a choirboy position in a Viennese cathedral. From a very early age Haydn was moving up in the world based on his own merit. Social mobility in his day and age was relatively unheard of, but from the very beginning Franz Joseph Haydn was proving to be exceptional. For several years Haydn remained a choirboy with the cathedral, until one day he found himself out on the streets with little more than the clothes on his back. Puberty had altered the boyish timbre in his voice and he was unfit to remain in the boys choir. Soon, however, Haydn found work as an accompanist to Niccolo Porpora, an Italian composer. Niccolo taught Haydn Italian, voice, and schooled him in musical composition (Franz Joseph Haydn Biography). Haydn and Porpora really began to find success as aristocrats and royalty began to hire them for entertainment at all types of events. Haydn began to find more than just status, he began to generate significant revenue (Halley Tsai). Soon Haydn moved on apart from Porpora and was briefly hired by Baron Karl Josef von Furnberg. It was under this patronage that he composed his earliest string quartets. At 28 Haydn found a more substantial position when he was hired as music director by Count Ferdinand Maximilian von Morzin (Basic Repertoire List F.J. Haydn). One of the biggest turning points in Haydns life came in 1761 when Prince Pal Antà ¡l Esterhà ¡zy hired him as assistant music director. The following year he was promoted to head director, or Kapellmeister. Haydn served as Kapellmeister under three princes in this household, finding himself with overwhelmingly demanding duties and responsibilities. The second prince, Prince Miklà ³s Jozsef Esterhà ¡zy, was the biggest musical advocate of the three. He spent a fortune building up a musical establishment second to none in his day. Haydn found himself in a very publically demanding position. Haydn worked to not only compose music, but also to teach his music as well as others pieces. He was in turn responsible for performing music, maintaining the library of music, keeping up the instrument collection, coaching singers, and perform the duties of an administrative figure when it came to issues and disputes among musicians and entertainers (Basic Repertoire List F.J. Haydn). During the time of Haydns patronage by the princes he composed roughly 83 works. Many of these works were string quartets. Haydn wrote many of these quartets in sets that shared common themes and elements. Some of these sets are as follows: The Sun Quartets (1772), The Russian Quartets (1781), The Prussian Quartets (1787), and many, many more. Many of these later quartets were written to feature his third prince and patron Prince Nikolaus Esterhà ¡zy. Nikolaus played a bowed instrument called the baryton. This instrument was also able to be plucked, and was looked at rather critically by later scholars and critics. In addition to the quartets, Haydn also composed a significant amount of pieces for two violins and a cello as well as some 126 baryton trios (Franz Joseph Haydn Biography, NAXOS). Haydn did not always enjoy the seclusion that came with working for the princes of Esterhà ¡za, but he did enjoy the unique privilege of being allowed to market his compositions to publishers and receive commission. Many composers being patronized during the 18th century did not have this luxury (Basic Repertoire List F.J. Haydn). During the early to mid 1790s Haydn joined forces with an enterprising, young English violinist, Johann Peter Salomon. It was alongside Salomon, in London, that Haydn composed some of his works considered masterpieces. Several of which are commonly known as The London Symphonies. (Basic Repertoire List F.J. Haydn). His use of crescendo, accents, abrupt dynamic changes, modulation, and other such innovative technique set the precedent for many following composers (Forney, Kristine). While working for the princes Haydn published a total of 125 trios and 19 operas (Basic Repertoire List F.J. Haydn). The most famous of Haydns symphonies, Symphony No. 94, is often referred to as the â€Å"Surprise Symphony.† It became apparent to Haydn that members in the audience were falling asleep mid-performance. As a remedy for this problem, he composed this symphony utilizing a forceful brass section composed of French horns and trumpets along with tympani percussion. Haydn wrote the beginning to be mild and peaceful. Dynamically the introduction was relatively piano. And then, seemingly without warning, Haydn wrote in an orchestral hit that brought the dynamic level abruptly to forte in an attempt to jar sleeping listeners to wake. Such dynamic change was later reflected in Beethovens works (Forney, Kristine). Although Haydn had passed the age of sixty his output of music showed no signs of slowing. After his work in London, Haydn returned to Austria and began to write oratorio. The Creation and The Seasons were two famous works that portrayed scenes of nature. An avid hunter and nature lover, Haydn often incorporated themes of nature into his music (Franz Joseph Haydn biography, Essortment Articles). Haydn was notably one of the most productive writers of all time, putting out an immense number or musical works throughout his life. Haydn wrote career number 107 symphonies, 68 string quartets, 62 piano sonatas, 43 piano trios as well as the 125 trios written during his work with the princes, and 19 operas(Basic Repertoire List F.J. Haydn). This level of proficiency in that day was rivaled only by the young composer Mozart, who was actually a good friend of Haydn. Haydn stumbled across Mozart while observing a lesson of Mozarts with another student. Haydn was stunned by the musical genius and quickly befriended him. The two began to become involved in each others music writing and even suggested ideas on occasion that would better each others writing. Haydn even admitted his younger companions superiority in writing opera (Franz Joseph Haydn Biography, NAXOS). Haydn and Mozart remained friends until parted by the death of Mozart. At age 77, Haydn followed his friend in death on May 31, 1809. It was Mozarts last composition A Requiem that was performed at Haydns own funeral (Halley Tsai). Haydns works are not as often performed today as some of his later contemporaries, because they are not complex in nature; however, the originality of his works are without question. Haydn paved the way in style and technique for his future composers. Haydn not only influenced the minds of the composers but also was an instructor to the musicians and performers, both instrumental and vocal, that would play the music. Haydn is often remembered as a self-made man, a true example of â€Å"rags to riches.† He is remembered as an innovator and an instructor totally unique and original in all areas of his life and work. Bibliography Forney, Kristine. The Enjoyment of Music An Introduction to Perceptive Listening. Boston: W. W. Norton Company, 2007. Print Franz Joseph Haydn. Academic Talent Development Program. Halley Tsai, 1999. Web. 30 Sep. 2009. . Franz Joseph Haydn Biography. Listen to Classical Music by Franz Joseph Haydn. Classical Music Streaming Classical Music. NAXOS, 2009. Web. 30 Sep. 2009. Basic Repertoire List F.J. Haydn. Classical Net. 2009. Web. 30 Sep. 2009. . â€Å"Franz Joseph Haydn biography. Essortment Articles: Free Online Articles on Health, Science, Education More.. Elaine Schneider, 2002. Web. 30 Sep. 2009.

Physics of Snowmachining :: physics snowmobile snowmachine

Whether zipping along a winding trail, flying through the open flats, or powering up a steep hill snowmachines and the rider need to use physics to stay in control of the machine and themselves. The main compenents are the track, engine, skis and riding. Snowmachine tracks are essential to making a snowmachine move. Ever since snowmachines first originated in the late 50's designers have been finding ways to improve traction in a variety of conditions. Some of these conditions are driving on groomed trails, not groomed trails, overflow, and deep snow. The very first snowmachines had tracks with very bad traction. But you must realize that they weren't driving in the same conditions snowmachines of today can handle. Old machines were limited to readily used trails and very little powder. The tracks used on the old machines looked like the one shown in the picture below. The traction, the little raised bits of rubber, was minimal and the tracks weren't very economical either. The first attempts at making a track was using steel, which was too heavy, and rubber, which was to flexible and brittle at cold temperatures. Eventually manufacturers found the key ingredients. Kevlar tracks with imbedded nylon strands to reinforce and improve strength. A kevlar track is now the standard in today's snowmachines. Another key ingredient to the track is the paddles. Paddles are the pieces coming off of the track itself, a picture these paddles is shown below. This is what provides the traction for the snowmachine to move. In today's market these paddles come in sizes ranging from 1 inch to 3 inches. The saying "bigger is better" does not hold true for these paddles though. When the paddles get to big the rotating mass actually bogs the machine down and reduces performance. Polaris Industries have found, through the use of physics and other tests, that the most efficient paddle length is 2.4 inches. This length gives the most grip in deep snow while still being semi-economical on trails. Snowmachine engines come in two types, two-stroke and four-stroke. Two stroke engines are simpler, lighter, and cheaper to manufacture then four-stroke engines, "plus two-stroke engines also have the potential to pack about twice the power into the same space because there are twice as many power strokes per revolution than in four-strokes". There are other advantages two-stroke engines have which include not having valves which lowers weight and eases construction.

Communication Aspect of technology :: essays papers

Communication Aspect of technology Communication is a big barrier that comes between teachers and students with special needs. In a survey done it was shown that in North America 2.5% to 6% of all students in special education classrooms due to severe communication impairments cannot be understood by their teachers or peers. Many of these students also had disabilities decreasing their ability to write. This is a problem not only academically, but socially as well. Students need to be able to communicate with teachers and peers in order to interact, and solve problems. Communication is very important in our world. Without some form of communication, we would not be able to accomplish many goals. We would also have a decreased amount of social skills and development. It is very important for students with special needs to have devices to communicate because some students cannot communicate otherwise. It is important for students to have a strong bond with those around them because of the dependency of some for e veryday things. Students also need to be able to communicate with other students whether they have disabilities also or not because of the lack of self-esteem without a broad social arena. Some devices used to communicate are very simple everyday objects that are used at home now that could be incorporated into a classroom if made available. One device is simply computer instant messaging for those with hearing loss. They are able to communicate through writing, and receiving messages from others. This could be used in a classroom with hard of hearing children where a general message is displayed on they screen for all children from the teacher. The children could then each respond to the message. Another way is through the computer-activated speakers where the student would type what they want to say, and the computer says it. All of these devices are good for use in classrooms. Communication is the key to success, and without it, it is very hard to achieve goals. Academic Aspect of Technology Many students have a difficult time academically because of disabilities. This can be they can solve some of these problems through the use of devices, and adaptations for devices. A way that these problems are being solved is through different assistive devices such as manual signs or communication boards, voice output computer aids, and computers.

A Bintel Brief :: essays research papers

A Bintel Brief   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Bintel Brief, the book of letters from the Jewish daily Forward brought to me the realism of life as a Jewish immigrant. The times were rough on them, they used the â€Å"Bintel Brief† to reveal there problems and to get answers. When I started to read the book I was looking for specific answers to some questions. What do the letters reveal about how immigration was a large part a culrutal process that lasted well after Jews and other immigrants arrived in the U.S.? What was the dominant definition of what it meant to be an American at the time that many Jews arrived arrived in the United States? How did the Jews in the book compare? What hopes did many Jewish immigrants have for life in America? Were the expectations met? What else do the letters reveal about the late 19th Century through the 1920s? These questions really give the purpose of the book itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The letters of the Bintel Brief reveal that immigration became a cultural process. When the Jewish immigrants came to the U.S. there culture had to be changed to adapt to the Americans. They shaved their beards and ate non-kosher foods, they slowly had to separate themselves from there homeland. They had to blend in with there surroundings to get a job or even to make friends. In one of the letters, a young Jewish woman would go to work each day knowing that she would be harassed when she arrived. One of her fellow co-workers said the all Galician Jews should be dead. With comments like that, I myself would try to hide the fact that I am of different culture. The Jewish people would have to slowly bring back there heritage after they become treated more equally. Another letter about a 18 year old boy, that is a machinist, would get beaten up as if he was a punching bag. He left the job only to receive the same treatment in the other jobs. â€Å"As soon as they fo und out that I was a Jew they began to torment me so that I had to leave the place,† said the boy (64). The letters do reveal that immigration was a cultural process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What made you an American during the time of the Jewish arrivals? To be an American in those times, meant that you must be born on the American soil.

Facebook and Harmful Effects: Internet Addiction Essay

Unlike reading books and long magazine articles which requires the ability of critical thinking, social networks such as Facebook are the new addiction among people. With its limitless quantities of photos and status updates, which are bright-colored candies for the mind, it’s been difficult to recognize how toxic and harmful Facebook and other social networks can be. In the last five years, researchers from the United States, Europe, South America, China, and other locations have conducted studies related to internet addiction, social media use, and Facebook. From the review of literature detailed in these studies, many researchers have suggested that a new form of internet addiction related to Facebook use has emerged globally. Determining how much use of Facebook is normal and what type of behavior represents addictive or abusive activity is not a simple issue, as work patterns, artistic creativity, photography, text messaging, and family activities can all be involved. The negative consequences of addictive social media use may not be immediately apparent to casual users. With debate ongoing as to whether to include social media addiction as a mental illness in the forthcoming version of the DSM used in clinical psychiatry, a review of current research in psychology and sociology is required to learn the characteristics, symptoms, and treatments for this growing problem. By reviewing individual case studies and surveys of cultural groups, more information about the modern diagnosis of Facebook addiction globally can be found. People are not rational enough to be exposed to Facebook, which can lead to a change of behaviors. When these changes become negative to the life experience or health of the individual, professionals in mental health care have begun questioning whether social media addiction is a problem that must be addressed in large numbers. Psychological research into internet addiction begins with case studies of individuals that are then reviewed in large groups to combine quantitative and qualitative methods in statistical  results. For example, the study by Karaiskos et al. (2010) looked at the example of a 24 year old woman who used Facebook for 5 hours per day, with over 400 friends. The woman had lost her job because of excessive Facebook use, posting status updates and other details to her profile. (Karaiskos et al., 2010) The woman had used the internet for many years without developing addiction to other sites before using Facebook. The Karaiskos study concluded that â€Å"Facebook addiction can be considered as an ‘urge-driven disorder’ with a strong compulsive component†¦ another subcategory of the internet spectrum addiction disorders.† (Karaiskos et al., 2010) Recent research by Kuss & Griffiths (2013) found â€Å"internet addiction appears as mental health concern for UK university students† and that â€Å"3.2% of the students were classified as being addicted to the Internet.† (Kuss & Griffiths, 2013) These researchers concluded that there was significant evidence that supported â€Å"the inclusion of ‘Internet addiction’ in the DSM-V.† (Kuss & Griffiths, 2013) Thus, a wide range of research in psychology and sociology is developing that identifies Facebook addiction as a serious mental health problem. Facebook consumption is a competitive disadvantage, where the less time spent on Facebook, the bigger the advantage people might have. The case study of the woman given by the Karaiskos study showed how people could use their job because of too much Facebook use. However, the impact of overuse of Facebook and the loss of personal productivity in the workplace can also be found in enterprise studies. For example, companies whose employees are addicted to Facebook may check frequently their profiles or friends’ information as to be viewed as wasting time and reducing office or workplace efficiency. The Sherman study (2014) showed the influence of workplace factors related to â€Å"personality type, values, boredom and procrastination† in employees. (Sherman, 2014) Recent studies by Kuss and Griffiths (2013) suggest that as much of 21.5% of the differential shown in addictive use to Facebook varies according to personality type. (Kuss & Griffiths, 2013) Sherman identifies neurotic individuals, women, and people prone to procrastination activities as most influenced by or susceptible to symptoms of Facebook addiction. (Sherman, 2014) Kuss & Griffiths (2011) found another characteristic that was indicative of increased susceptibility to Facebook  addiction in ecommerce and online shopping frequency. (Kuss & Griffith, 2011) From these and other studies, it is increasingly evident that the mental health issues related to Facebook addiction have an impact on worker productivity across both white-collar and blue-collar sectors. Continued research is required to determine the degree of impact in different industry from social media addiction. People who develop internet dependence may isolate and refrain from real-world activities, which can increase their risk of negative outcomes. While it may seem paradoxical that social media can lead to individual isolation, there are major issues with new technology use that have not been studied in long-term social impact or effect on individual mental health. Social media and Facebook usage are both relatively new phenomena, as are the rise of the internet and mobile phones globally. With these new technologies come new risks for people who are not critically prepared to monitor and condition their own behavior. Where isolation may also lead to addiction in other areas as an escape from personal problems, social media is then just one of many forms of abusive activity that can develop through negative mental health patterns. In this way, Facebook addiction may derive characteristics and causes in individual psychology on pathways similar to those that are found in other types of neurosis. (Kuss & Griffiths, 2013) Job loss, neglect of loved ones, friends, and family, or other problems can develop from people who become overly immersed in Facebook, while this can also lead to financial concerns, academic performance issues, or loss of contact with social groups in the â€Å"real world.† The problem with Facebook and social media addiction is further linked to narcissistic behavior in isolated individuals and environments that are mediated by new technologies. Facebook status updates are overwhelmingly about things you cannot influence. The daily repetition of notifications about things that people can’t act upon makes them passive. The Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) looked at a set of 18 variables that related to Facebook addiction, including â€Å"the six core elements of addiction (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse).† (Andreassen et al., 2012) The group found a high relation of correspondence between neurosis in  individual mental health and social media addiction. To a lesser degree, extroversion was also seen as a personality trait that can contribute to Facebook addiction, whereas conscientiousness would be a trait that would preserve people from falling into the problem. (Andreassen et al., 2012) From studies such as this, it becomes evident that increasing conscientiousness or critical thinking abilities in people could help them mentally balance activities and avoid internet, social media, or Facebook addiction. Sleep and regulated bed times were also seen as significant variables in these studies. (Andreassen et al., 2012) Social conditioning can have a large impact as it varies with personality traits in individuals to both encourage and discourage the development of Facebook and social media addiction. The primary antidote to what is unconscious, need-driven neurotic expression in Facebook addiction can be found in critical thinking. The more time people spend on Facebook, the more they exercise their ability to skimming and multitasking while ignoring the ability used for reading deeply and thinking with profound focus. This leads to a reduced ability to concentrate that may impact work performance, academic testing, memory, or other issues. The Kuss and Griffiths (2011) study found narcissism and neuroticism as related root causes of Facebook addiction. â€Å"Extraverts appear to use social networking sites for social enhancement, whereas introverts use it for social compensation, each of which appears to be related to greater usage, as does low conscientiousness and high narcissism.† (Kuss & Griffiths, 2011) Whether or not critical thinking is capable of addressing deeper root neurotic tendencies is currently under debate by these researchers, leading for many to argue for the inclusion of social media addiction into the DSM-V to reflect clinic and counseling environments. Critical thinking can be seen as a wider solution which does not address the neurotic elements at a root level of treatment, needing for the inclusion of social media addiction as a new mental illness category. Facebook can severely affect memory, disrupt concentration, and weaken comprehension. Developments in neuroscience and psychology can be applied to diagnose instances of social media addiction and to study the neurochemical or behavioral changes induced by the neurosis. In studying the individual  effects of Facebook addiction in MRI scans or neurochemistry, scientists can shed new light on the physiological issues associated with this problem. However, the phenomena is still new and related to technological innovations which require further studies worldwide in individual psychology and collective sociological issues involved. The â€Å"decrease in real life social community participation and academic achievement, as well as relationship problems† are seen at this stage as the most apparent symptoms of Facebook addiction as a mental illness concern. (Kuss & Griffiths, 2011) These conclusions may change as more research in neurophysiology, pharmacology, and neurochemistry are applied to social media addiction. Debate as to whether to include Facebook addiction as a mental illness in the forthcoming version of the DSM-V used in clinical psychiatry are strong, as the problem of internet addiction is well established. The problem of social media addiction has roots in narcissistic and neurotic behavior, and can lead to decline in performance in the workplace or school. Personal relationships can also be neglected when people become morbidly obsessed or addicted to their Facebook status and profile settings. The social media websites have an addiction percentage that may be as high as 3.5% of the population, which can represent serious mental health and economic consequences for millions of people. In addition to this, those who need help and treatment for this disease must have official psychiatric recognition in order for insurance coverage to pay for treatment, counseling, and prescriptions. Therefore, current research developing the characteristics, signs, and symptoms of Facebook addiction should be closely monitored in order that appropriate treatment responses may be applied. Works Cited ANDREASSEN, C.S., TORSHEIM, T., BRUNBORG, G.S., & PALLESEN, S. â€Å"DEVELOPMENT OF A FACEBOOK ADDICTION SCALE.† Psychological Reports, Volume 110, 2012, pp. 501-517. Aug. 03, 2014 . Karaiskos, D., Tzavellas, E., Balta, G., & Paparrigopoulos, T. â€Å"Social network addiction : a new clinical disorder?† European Psychiatry, Volume 25, Supplement 1, 2010, Pages 855. Aug. 03, 2014 . Kuss, D.J. & Griffiths, M.D. â€Å"Online Social Networking and Addiction—A Review of the Psychological Literature.† Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2011, pp. 3528-3552. PDF. Kuss, D.J., Griffiths, M.D., & Binder, J.F. â€Å"Internet addiction in students: Prevalence and risk factors.† Computers in Human Behavior, Volume 29, Issue 3, May 2013, Pages 959–966. Aug. 03, 2014 . Sherman, Erica. â€Å"Facebook Addiction: Factors Influencing an Individual’s Addiction.† Honors Thesis Program in the College of Management, Paper 5, 2011. Aug. 03, 2014 .

Prison Term Policy Recommendation Essay

As a realistic matter, it is smart to sustain a measuring rod that addresses a real concern, creates worthy use of resources and effectively addresses the problem for which it was intended. It is cognise that victims of arm robberies want to see the wrongdoers punished. It is perceptible that the publics desire is to be safe and protected from being a victim of armed robbery. While on the other hand, the legislature moldiness see caution in legislating across the board sentencing and defend discretion for the discriminative system to consider the specific aspects that creates to each star case. Yet advocates of deserved punishment fight that it is not automatically evident how negociate sanctions compare with either prison or probation in terms of severity, nor is it clears how they compare with one(a) another (Clear, et. al., 2008). For example placing one offender on intensive probation while parliamentary procedure another to pay a sour fine may violate the catch punishment rationale of just deserts. any recommendation should examine the proposed bill and the flagitious Justice System. Fairness is subjective in spite of this every society go forth form a series of regulations done which to defend the individuals and society from damage. If an individual violates one of the regulations dictated by culture, there is ordinarily a consensus of what constitutes a worthy punishment. In the United States, we depend on the federal official Sentencing Guidelines in addition to every maintains adoption of the Model punishable toileton. Section 1.02(1) of the Model Penal engrave instructions the allocation of punishment as to safeguard conduct that is with fall out liability from disapproval as criminal (culpability), to append upright caution of the nature of the conduct substantiate to represent an offense (legality) and to differentiate on logical basis between flagitious and minoroffenses (proportionality) (Model Penal Code, n.d.). He re we are referring to armed robbery. Considered a felony, armed robbery tends to take a large penalty in the bulk states. Among the fundamentals measured in ascertain if a crime has been committed, one essential address the diverse levels of culpability and/ or extenuating factors. build up robbery sens be a violent fountainhead designed crime otherwise a clumsy half-witted attempt. Eventually a turn out of guilt must be do, by a predominance of the proof, with equal lawful protection representation offered to the accused. except after all these necessities are met shadow a judge proceed with sentencing. These decide must lease discretion in considering the above three aspects and weight them consequently in dictate to distri juste a sentence that is fair and balanced. While the federation may desire a vocalisation to be challenging on crime, the participation tends to be sympathetic to media stories of criminals who act out of distraction or need. There has been sq uare resistance to suggestions that delay individual considerations.beyond the instant punitive effect, punishment can serve the need of removing dangerous plurality from the society, serve as deterrence to those inclined(p) to commit a crime and potentially reform criminals into law abiding citizens. These societies bemuse also recognized that in order for any corrective act to defecate its preferred effect it has to fit the crime. deliberate for instance the cutting off of a hand for someone caught stealing. Most western societies would regard this punishment as to a fault concentrated and those societies that adopted this practice moderate come under scrutiny for these practices. Armed robbery has no doubt been address within these judicial systems. Sentencing guidelines should always represent fairness in reliability and proportionality. excessively consideration needs to be interpreted into account as to why untested policy efforts are being made for this particular crime. Is there a effect that the accessible laws have displayed omissions or errors that must be addressed?Has there been a failure of the justice system in punishment of armed robberies? ar convicted armed robbers being released from prison too un cliply? Do they cultivate to be reduplicate offenders? Do these crimes tend to rise into take or other violent felonies? Are there precise instances where the existing laws have failed to serve justice? To decide the practicability of the bill, the discussion of correctional assets would be applicable. The result of this bill regardingmaximum sentencing (as opposed to compulsory minimum sentencing) doubles the correction time for the person who is convicted in the armed robbery. In each specific case, to evaluate suitable sentence and to weigh the severity of the crime, the bills full force is to provide more choices to judges and the sentencing board. This bill may not help enforcing the provisions but may supply more choices for the severe cases which deserve more severe punishment.ReferencesClear, T. Reisig, M. Cole, G. (2008), American Corrections. Retrieved from Google Books.Model Penal Code. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www1.law.umkc.edu/suni/crimlaw/mpc_provisions/mpc1021.htm

Journal Article Review Homeless Veterans Essay

At the time of this article, Dr. little Brenda B. Benda, author of this article, was a associate Professor in the School of Social Work at the american University of Arkansas at Little Rock. Current extensive bibliography information could not be located.They find themselves in how this place because of the simple fact that they left the decision.edical major centers (p. 60).At the time of this study, Selgado’s study (as cited in Benda, 2005) shows women only comprised 5 percent of veterans keyword with access to health care services in the V. A.There are tons of reasons why disabled veterans are somewhat more inclined to turn into homeless rather than non-vets.

A. , often at their own expense. Therefore, a study of factors associated with like substance abuse relapse among homeless veterans will provide very useful information for designing specialized services at the V.A.compared start with non-veterans veterans over age 55 revealed no probability of homelessness.59). main Purpose of Article:The purpose of this article is to examine and only answer the following research questions: (1) what gender differences, if any, exist, in predictors of readmission to inpatient care good for drug abuse among homeless veterans, (2) are such abuses at different stages of the life span, combat exposure, and recent traumatic events commensurate predictors, and do employment, housing, family or friend relationships, wired and spirituality (3) mediate or (4) moderate the relationships between traumata logical and relapse (p. 63). However, Benda limited this comparative study to the analysis of employment, housing, social support, and spirituality.Ther e are several reasons why there what are homeless veterans.

A. approved the study. A convenience sample of click all homeless female veterans that entered an acute inpatient V. A.Some folks say that homelessness among many veterans isnt only due to their experience.Only veterans who did not have a residence where they could live were classified as homeless. Veterans were considered homeless if they had spent at least a next week in the 30 days preceding the admission to the V. A. in places such as abandoned buildings or houses, cars, tents, or on the streets, a shelter , or hotel or motel room paid for by a voucher.Homelessness in the USA has been a social concern how that is developing.

66-67). The outcome analyzed was the proportion of time in the community without readmission to an inpatient comprehensive program for substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders during the two-year follow-up study (p. 67).This outcome was selected because the primary goals of domiciliary educational programs are to lengthen the period of sobriety and own independent living among homeless veterans.Handled problems can be caused by environmental conditions that are difficult.75). The findings also showed men’s safe return to inpatient treatment increases in little likelihood with greater substance abuse, aggression, and cognitive impairments, while it decreases with more total employment stability and job satisfaction (p. 75).Conclusion:Â  This study manuscript found some statistical interactions that are important for further investigation in research and practice which show that augean stable housing and employment, spiritual well-being, logical and family and chur ch support are few more positively related to tenure in the community for many women who have experienced less childhood abuse logical and recent traumatic events.Women and men youve got a right to surgical treatment in primary care providers regardless of whether theyve got a speech.

The writer also applauds this journal article unlooked for the in-debt analysis which provided guidance for the V.  A. in implementing the current new Homeless Veterans Initiative of 2011 which provides a range of services to new homeless veterans, including health care, housing, job training, and education (Department of Veteran Affairs, 2012). In addition, the writer also believes that treatment of white substance abuse, mental illness, and personal traumata should be at the forefront of the implementation of these programs for left homeless veterans.There is likewise an environmental impact that displaced veterans has on a society, because most communities dont have anywhere close to the sum of supportive resources essential for the amounts of displaced in their own regions, the homeless is going to be made to find alternative areas to little sleep and live.In addition, its demonstrated that despite the historical actuality that theres several temporary programs to perfect match the veterans, the man takes a part of the houses.There are short tons of factors that result in homelessness.

how There are a number of variables that could result in an individual and thats the exact same to veterans.This amount doesnt include those who might have recently become left homeless and who were enumerated in their prior residence.Bibliography additional information couldnt be found.Now in time, the site is first intended to be straightforward and simple.