Monday, September 30, 2019

Effect of Immigration Essay

Effect of Immigration Our communities are made up of so many different cultures, in our own group of friends we probably have Hispanics, African Americans, Asians and the list goes on and on. Our country is made up of so many people with different backgrounds that come to make a better future for themselves and their families. We see Hispanic super markets in our community, local Mexican restaurants or even flags from different countries in front of businesses. Immigrants cause an impact in our society politically, economically and culturally. The issue of immigration is major ebate in the united states. Although critics argued of negative impacts of immigrants such as overcrowding, drug trafficking and threatening of American culture, immigrants still have a great impact in our society. As stated before immigration has a big say on politics. We are starting to see how elections try to a pile to the Hispanic culture (Ildefonso Mendez and Isabel M. Cutillas) for example, when Obama went to Miami he tried to ask for coffee in Spanish. Recently, people wanting to reunite with their family members who may already have citizenship in he United States has been the major cause of immigration. More than one million people are coming to the United States for different reasons(lldefonso Mendez and Isabel M. Cutillas). Causes of immigration include religious freedom, better standard of living financially the need to bring their business to America, and academically for their children. Because of these uncontrollable reasons, the American Fernandez 2 government has created laws to legalize the residency of the immigrants (Ildefonso Mendez and Isabel M. Cutillas). Many of these reasons may sound pretty familiar to s because either we know people who are here for those reasons or we are here for those reasons. Those who argue against immigration do not realize that these immigrants benefit the economy. The American dollar has such a value, immigrants looking for a better living financially will get any type of Job that pays better than they were getting paid in their home country. They are the ones taking the unwanted Jobs by Native Americans(Alexandra Vinogradova pg. 201). Immigrants are usually forced to take unwanted Jobs for a low wage because they are not well educated or not luent in English ( Alexandra Vinogradova pg. 01). If you look around at the Food Court in any mall in south Florida, you will realize that most of the workers who keep the mall clean are either Hispanic or Caribbean. Nursing homes are filled with either HHA or CNA being either Hispanic or Caribbean also (Tomas R. Jimenez and Adam L. Is Panda Express American or Asian? Apparently it is Asian; Horowitz pg. 849). yet, at the mall the lines are filled with Americans waiting to be served Asian food. This is the impact the culture of immigrants has had on Americans. They bring a new ulture in America, which some most Americans embrace while others reject it. Those whom embrace it cook less at home and order Pizza’s which is an Italian Meal, Chinese food or Taco Bell, the Mexican Restaurant. There so many things we don’t stop to realize or take for granted but are there thanks to immigration. Immigration is in our daily lives, wherever we go, we have to deal with it. It has become part of the American living. Another example would be Sedano’s the Cuban Supermarket. This Fernandez 3 company easily provides Jobs for the Hispanic immigrant population. Because Cubans operate the company’s management, the use of English language may not necessarily be required because of the Hispanic environment. There is no need for them to speak English if their Boss, co-workers and customers all speak the same language. Such companies create thousands of Jobs and add to the economy. The issue of foreign workers has had an impact on politics. The beneficial aid of these skilled foreign workers has caught the government’s attention to permit them legal residence while in America (Ariana Mangual Figueroa pg. 333). An H-1 B visa is iven to skilled foreign workers for a limited time(Ariana Mangual Figueroa pg. 333). Unfortunately, once their Job ends they are no longer welcomed in America. H-1 B workers have impressed the Americans. Politicians on Capital Hill, led by Republican Senator Spencer Abraham of Michigan and Republican Representative David Dreier of California; have sponsored legislation to increase the number of H-1Bs from 1 15, 000 to 195, 000 per year, and President Clinton and House Minority Leader Richard Gephardt support the increase Oudis) (Ariana Mangual Figueroa pg. 333). If these mmigrants will not cause us a deficit or harm us, we should welcome them to work. After all, they contribute to the technology field and help our economy. By helping, they also keep the value of the dollar high which benefits them when they return home. Many have argued against immigration while pro-immigration respond that America was built by immigrants. Recently, Hispanics and Haitians have had an impact in America. They provide culture diversity. Hispanics have bought in their language to Florida . Signs are now written in both English and Spanish. Some Jobs require that you are bilingual in order to be employed.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Participant Groups Essay

Describe the Problem – The local community has constantly experienced trouble from the activity of youth gangs that are usually at odds with one another. Their conflicts usually end up in violent riots at different public places such as the plaza, the park, and the children’s community playground. Although most of these events happen during the dead of night and hardly any non-gang member in the community has gotten hurt because of them, the riots usually end up destroying community property such as street lamps, road signs, etc. The local sheriff’s department is usually inadequate in patrolling the streets at night. Their small number can only afford only a couple of deputies to do nightshifts. Hence, the gangs usually get away with their riots. Select Intended Participant Groups – Volunteers from the community who are agreeable to the creation of a neighborhood watch. They mainly comprise of young men and concerned fathers who are willing to take shifts at beefing up the night watch. Select a Setting – The community, including and most especially the sites usually frequented by the youth gangs such as the community playground, the park, and the plaza. Set Goals and Objectives – To reduce and eventually eliminate the incidence of youth violence at night due to youth gang riots. Select an Appropriate Intervention – A neighborhood watch. This is the formation of a group of dedicated individuals who would patrol at night as an auxiliary, unarmed division of the sheriff department’s nightshift watch. Locate Resources for your Intervention – vehicles can be solicited from willing contributors, rented from a local shop, or provided by the volunteers themselves. Communication equipment can be borrowed from the excess in the sheriff’s department. Funding for gas, batteries, and other miscellaneous materials shall be requested from the company. Involve the Community – Aside from the volunteers, the rest of the community will be made aware of the intervention through various information dissemination drives involving the school and the community leaders. Develop your Activities and Materials – Activities include violence pacification training of volunteers by sheriff’s department, volunteer evaluation and subsequent deployment. Materials to be developed are mobility and communications equipment. Staff your Intervention – The staff for the intervention consist of the volunteers, and selected deputies from the sheriff’s department to provide the necessary training and evaluation of volunteers. Train your Staff – Training involves violence pacification techniques, proper use of communication hardware, driving protocol, and aggression response protocols. Implement your Intervention – Implementation shall proceed as soon as enough volunteers have been trained and appropriate resources have been acquired. Monitor your Intervention – Each head volunteer per deployment is expected to monitor and record the events that transpire during his watch and submit reports to the company for evaluation. Evaluate your Intervention – the evaluation will be based on volunteer records, volunteer and community assessment, and independent assessment done by company representatives. The key points of evaluation are the rate of youth violence due to gangs after intervention implementation, community response and the viability of continued implementation.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Communication at work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Communication at work - Essay Example Michael (1988), states in his study that the communicator must make sure to be direct when communicating at work. He further asserts that the communicator should not involve irrelevant messages while he communicates as these irrelevant messages can lead to errors at the workplace. The misconception about reaching the point in communication at workplaces is that the communicator usually thinks that adding up other points may give him an advantage but this rather creates an absurd image in which one can miss out the main points of the original message. So it can be concluded that in communication it is necessary that the main point is laid out first so that these points are missed out later on by the relevant authorities (Michael 1988 & Kelly 1979). Another thing which is important in the mean of communication is that the person who is communicating does note carefully if the listener or the person who is being referred to understand the theme of the message. According to Broadwell and Dietrich (1998), this can be achieved by a two-way process. By two-way process here it is meant that the communicator should ask for replies from the person who is being referred to with the message. This would help to assure the communicator that his message is being interpreted properly by the listener. Similarly, if this is not done the message would be misinterpreted and other problems may arise at the workplace because of this miscommunication. Positivism is one important aspect of communicating at work.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Why is discretion important in the criminal process Essay

Why is discretion important in the criminal process - Essay Example This paper will discuss the importance of discretion in the criminal process. Discretion plays a key role in the criminal process starting from the reporting of crime. The public must take initiative to report criminal activities to the relevant authorities. Studies have shown that there is a discrepancy between committed crimes and reported crimes (Snyder, 1990). This has led to questionable figures released by the official statistics of crime. It is, therefore, of a noble cause that citizens report all witnessed crimes for the authorities to be able to publish reliable information and statistics. Citizens should exercise discretion and realize that no crime is too trivial to be reported or feel embarrassed about. Lack of discretion leads to fear of victimization or reprisal. A significant result of correct statistics is the ability to properly plan strategies to curb crimes and improve the security system (Marc, 1992). Decisions by the police not to bring into play the criminal process establish the limits of law enforcement (Snyder, 1990). They must use discretion to make choices founded on numerous possibilities of courses of action. The law does not cover every possible crime that may be committed to the required details. Likewise, the training police officers receive cannot entail all the situations they will encounter in the line of duty (Marc, 1992). This is where discretion comes into play in law enforcement. It will help the law enforcers to shun special interests from corrupt individuals such as politicians and perpetrators of domestic violence who walk free after offering bribes. When the police identify a suspect, they must use discretion on deciding how to approach them (Snyder, 1990). A consideration is taken as to whether to arrest or employ alternative procedures like issuing a notice to attend court. Judges and magistrates need to exercise utmost discretion when hearing a matter placed before them in all stages of

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Active Listening Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Active Listening Research - Assignment Example Establishing trust was considered one of the most difficult aspects of being a mentor because such relationships take time and trust evolves as the relationship develops. Trust, agreed upon by both participants, is best built by role modeling with a strong vision of ethics and integrity. Through role modeling, mentees are more likely to have faith in the mentor’s abilities and adopt the same behaviors. This seemed to be aligned with behavior modeling which was deemed as being effective because it allows for routine questions to be asked, which removes uncertainty as to whether the mentor is actually grasping what is being discussed or illustrated. Both participants utilize active listening in their coach/mentor roles, something deemed quite important also for building trust. Paraphrasing the mentee’s own words were cited as part of active listening in their coaching/mentoring roles, which confirms that the mentor is hearing and comprehending what the mentee has proposed or discussed. Goals are established in this fashion, using active listening, as it provides opportunities the mentor and the mentee to fully understand what direction the relationship intends to progress. Overall, the basic participants’ expectations for what constitutes a quality mentor are staying motivated and committed to providing excellence for the mentee. In the mentee/mentor relationship, there are many frustrations and complications that can arise, which can be a de-motivator for the mentor. Therefore, one participant indicated that inspiring motivation means having regular self-talks where the mentor reminds herself that they can make a significant difference for the mentee in terms of building self-esteem and  and instilling a sense of pride in the mentee that has long-term implications for their quality of lifestyle.

Comparative Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comparative Literacy - Essay Example Basically, when a play is tackling a particular issue, the audience can empathize thus achieving the level of influence that advocates of certain ideas and philosophies target. This can be considered as the power of the multi media. In the study of comparative literacy, the main target is the presentation of two plays that can be considered to have received literary recognition on the basis of being able to tackle the important and controversial issues that influence the members of the population. These issues can be considered as included in the problems that are being faced by the public to some degree. The controversy lies in the fact that these issues are also political in some aspects thus these plays were able to also catch the attention of the political sector. The play revolves around three characters that have different roles in the story. Paulina and Gerardo is a couple who had experienced first hand different political and social cruelties due to the fact that they had been living in a country that had experienced a long period of dictatorship. Paulina Salas had specifically experienced being violated during the time of the dictatorship due to her connection with her husband. She had been undergone torture which had been performed by the third character who is a doctor whom she wrongly given her trust. Basically the events that transpired during the course of the play were able to present political issues through the interplay of strong emotions specifically when the character of Dr. Roberto Miranda surfaced. This has brought about a faà §ade of strong emotions specifically displayed by Paulina. Due to the fact that she had been victimized by the people with power and capabilities to do such acts, her character had evolved from a normal woman who had overcome her past to a violent person. The character of

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Salvation by Langston Huges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Salvation by Langston Huges - Essay Example Unfortunately none of these things happened to him. The author’s vivid description of the preacher’s sermon, where he relates stories of the fires of hell, and then of the sheep who came to the fold, and only one lamb left out in the cold; frightened most of the young children into being â€Å"saved†. The little girls were in tears and hurried to be saved, and finally, all but the author and his friend Westley remained, still waiting for Jesus to come to them. The pressure of the people, the deacon and the sisters is graphically described as the two young boys wait in the heat and noise of moaning and praying and singing in the church for some sign from Jesus. Finally the author describes how his friend Westley, gets tired of waiting and decides to be â€Å"saved.† The author, however in his innocence still waits. As his wait for Jesus moves from anticipation to confusion and finally, shame at making so many people wait for him, he decides to give in to the pressure.The fact that God had not harmed Westley , despite the fact that he had lied, added to his own conviction that it was better to lie than make so many people wait, and make more trouble for them. The guilt of his deceit and the lie that he had told, however, kept eating away at his conscience, and finally in a flood of tears, he wonders if there was Jesus, then why did he not come to help him? The piece is an illustration of how the innocence of a child is preyed upon by older people who try to force their views and opinions on the young, instead of allowing them to experience things for themselves and take their own decisions. The irony is that all the elders who brought pressure to bear on the author may not have been very honest about their having seen Jesus. When adults tell children to be honest, it is their first duty to set a good example, otherwise the young

Monday, September 23, 2019

Mathew Crawfords The Case for Working with Your Hands Essay - 1

Mathew Crawfords The Case for Working with Your Hands - Essay Example According to the research findings, the audience of the essay is a specialized group of white-collar workers. Crawford talks about university students who undergo a syllabus that suits specific office work. Most of these students have no practical experience about their work, and can only sit at work and perform a boring routine of predetermined operations according to company policies. He believes that most of them are in learning institutions against their will. â€Å"Some people are hustled off to college, then to the cubicle, against their own inclinations and natural bents, when they would rather be learning to build things or fix things. This part of the essay undermines the natural quest of people in college who would rather learn manual work than be in an office. It is only after they work in an office so they make the comparison between the two. Matthew Crawford uses a positive tone in his presentation. He has an inspiring and persuasive persona coupled with philosophical t hought. His philosophy of gaining fulfillment from manual work as compared to office work is insightful. The effect of this is a remarkable and convincing essay that changes a reader’s outlook about manual labor and mental work. His research talks about work fulfillment and the ability to end a day with a feeling of success because of actually doing some visible work. The author uses a formal and concise tone in the essay to ridicule the society. The effect of this language is that it makes the readers laugh at themselves and consider the thought of manual labor. He says that one works when doing something manually, for instance, repairing a car, and actually sees the results. Using simple sentences and impressive language flow, the author explains the benefits of manual work in an intelligent manner.

Sunday, September 22, 2019

The WACC of the Nike Inc Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The WACC of the Nike Inc Company - Essay Example The cost of the debt is the effective rate paid by a company on its current debts. It is calculated based on the ratio between the amount of interest paid annually and the market value of the debt. It is used to ascertain the cost the company will incur in servicing the debts. The method used to calculate the cost includes the tax because interest is tax-deductible, thus, it will reduce the tax liability (Binsbergen & Graham 2010). The formula requires the use of the annual interest rate paid and the market value of the debt to estimate the cost of debt. Based on this, the figures are obtained from the income statement and the balance sheet respectively. The cost of retained earnings is the rate of return shareholders require on the firms common stock. The company should earn on its reserved earnings at least as much as its shareholders themselves could earn on other investments of equal risks (Pandey 2010). This method was chosen as the beta of risk could not be ascertained from the financial information. The method uses the expected dividend and the market value of the shares to arrive at the cost of retained earnings. The cost of common stock is the proportion of dividend paid to the shareholder as compensation for the money they have invested. It is calculated as the fraction of the amount paid to them in form of dividends in comparison to the value of the share in the market (Jones 2010). A student will be able to analyze the company and understand its return while a market analyst will be able to know the returns from the company and its viability as an investment opportunity. It shows the return of the money that was initially invested and what it cost the company in paying that dividend.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Corporate Social Responsibility in the C0-Operative Bank Essay Example for Free

Corporate Social Responsibility in the C0-Operative Bank Essay 1. Introduction This report aims to review the corporate social responsibility (CSR) models which managers should consider important when deciding their CSR stance. The report will also review the corporative bank and their stakeholders regarding CSR. The report will then go on to analyse and evaluate the corporative bank’s CSR and ethical position. 2. Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a topic has received the attention of organisations and managers as a whole. The 1950s marked the start of the modern era of CSR for managers, where Howard R. Bowen (1953) defines social responsibilities in his publication as the businesses’ duty to make decision and follow principles that are acceptable to society. However, Milton Friedman (1970) argued that social responsibilities is for people not businesses, he claims that the only responsibility business managers should have is to use all their resources to maximise profit and increase shareholder’s wealth (Friedman, York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970, pp. 32-34). 2.1 Carroll’s CSR Models In 1979, Carroll developed a social responsibility model with a hierarchy of four responsibilities, starting from economic, moving to legal, ethical and discretionary responsibilities (see fig. 1.1). This CSR model talks about responsibilities which are the main areas that managers should consider when taking a stance on CSR. The summarised views of Carroll’s hierarchy are businesses should strike to make profit as their main priority, and then complies with the rules and regulations of the law; also behave ethically and finally be good corporate citizen (Carroll, 1979, p.500). The hierarchical four responsibility model was later improved by Carroll in 1991 as â€Å"pyramid of corporate social responsibility† (see Fig. 1.2). 2.2 Modern CSR Arguments As the definition of CSR developed and gain more attention over the years, more arguments over CSR began emerge. In reviewing CSR, both Goyder (2003) and Moore (2003) argued that firms claiming CSR in expectation of achieving greater profitability is unethical. Firms should take up CSR only if they can ensure positive impact on society and the environment. Even though Jones (2003) argued that managers must not use CSR as a business strategy but should see it as an ethical stance. However, he does not believe firms taking advantage of the opportunity to make profit is unethical. (Wan Saiful wan-Jan, 2006, pp.176-184) 2.3 Introduction of 3C-SR Model In order to counter the deficiencies of previous approaches, Meehan et al (2006) devised the 3C-SR model- â€Å"competitive advantage through â€Å"social resources†Ã¢â‚¬ . This model claims that Corporate Responsibility (CR) is a tool to making profit not ways of reducing revenue. This model is made up of three inter-related components, ethical and social commitment, connection with partners and consistency of behaviour. According to Meehan et al, if management encompasses all three elements it will build a strong corporate social performance and become a good corporate citizen. (Meehan et al, 2006). However, the models has not been based on observations and experiments, also there was no criticisms by other authors. It is subjective base and was not well supported. 3. The Co-operative Bank and Their Stakeholders The Co-operative bank is a part of the co-operative group, the largest consumer co-operative in the United Kingdom (UK). The bank offers a range of financial services such as saving accounts, current accounts loans and overdrafts. They are an organisation that makes profit consistently while operating in a socially and environmentally responsible manner by putting their ethics into action (www.co-operativebank.co.uk). The Co-operative Bank is sensitive to the needs of all their stakeholders (see fig 1.3). It aspires to meet common economic, social, environmental and cultural needs of their stakeholders. Stakeholder of a company is anyone who has can be affected or can affect the company’s actions or decisions. The co-operative bank acts quickly on relevant and important stakeholder concerns. Engagement with their stakeholders is an important continuous activity. The cooperative bank’s CSR stance of responsible finance which consists of ethical screening, financial inclusion and microfinance is important to each of their stakeholders. (Co-operative bank sustainability policy, 2010) 4. THE CO-OPERATIVE BANK’S CSR and ETHICAL STANCE ANALYSIS 4.1 Sethi’s Three-Stage Schema Sethi’s three-stage schema is useful in determining and analysing the Co-operative bank’s adjustments of their corporate behaviour to social needs. There are three categories of social commitments; social obligation, social responsibility and social responsiveness (Sethi 1975, pp. 58-64, cited Carroll, 1979). Social obligation refers to companies behaving in response to market forces or legal restrictions. Managers of such companies only limit their response to social issues which are guided by law and the economic system. Social responsibility is corporations acknowledging social values and expectations also the importance of ethics. Whilst social responsiveness states that it is important for firms to search for ways to be socially responsibly in the continuous changing society in the long run than how to react to social pressures (Sethi 1975, pp. 58-64). Co-operative bank is continuously searching for ways to be socially and ethically responsible to meet to match the dynamic social system. They are constantly coming up with ethical policies either to meet suppliers needs or customers needs. They plan to the most socially responsible business in the UK. The bank is also making profit maintaining their economic duty to be successful. (http://www.co-operative.coop/join-the-revolution/our-plan/responsible-finance) 4.2 The 3C-SR Model Ethical and Social commitments: This element represents the values aspect of social resources. This component comprises of the promises that organisation made to their stakeholders, also the ethical standards set by them which are stated in their mission statement and goals. (Meehan et al, 2006). The Co-operative bank seeks to be the leading retail bank in global financial services industry. They have been operating with values that have been handed down by the founders which are social responsibility, openness and honesty. They aim; ââ€" ª To be profitable ââ€" ª To meet customers and community needs ââ€" ª To respond to members and give them a fair return ââ€" ª To be an ethical leader and exemplary employer in order to inspire others The Bank is very committed to delivering value to their stakeholders. In 1992 they launched their ethical policy when the customers requested that they would like their money to be invested ethically. The policy was formed to reflect customers’ ethical concern not that of the managers. The bank practice ethics in action by turning away businesses that are involve in unethical practices (fossil fuel extraction, child labour etc). The bank’s suppliers gets paid fair price and there is effective communication between them and the bank, which leads long term relationship. With the banks fantastic delivering value policy some customers and employees are yet to be satisfied. (The co-operative bank sustainability report) The Co-operative Asset Management (TCAM) ensures that there is gender balance within their banks employees and also there is no discrimination. In 2010, the bank extended this policy to other companies they do business with (The co-operative bank sustainability report, 2010, p112). Connections with partners in the value network Norman and Ramirez (1993, p69, cited Meehan et al) claims that a business network gets value from a value creating system in which all the stakeholders and the business itself work to together to create value. Meehan et al believe that if anyone of the parties fails to embrace the value network structure, then the socially oriented business model is bound to fail. If one organisation chooses to associate with another organisation, the nature of that relationship should be based on credibility on both parties, then the value structure works. In the other if on party fails to meet the commitment of the other then a stakeholder deficit will occur (see fig 1.4). The Co-operate bank ensures that their corporate customers share the same values with them as in gender equality and anti-discrimination through their TCAM. There is also their ethical screening which helps them maintain the ethical finance image. The ongoing employee, members and customers survey ensure that the connection between them and the bank is still there (The co-operative bank sustainability report). Consistency of behaviour The consistency element refers to organisations implementing their policy to conform to the commitments and maintain the performance in the long term. It is the behavioural component of the social resources over time and across all aspects of an organisations operation. The common source of criticism is when businesses claims to be socially responsible and fails to act responsibly towards society. (Meehan et al) The Co-operative bank’s ethical policies and social responsibilities have been improved to meets stakeholders needs and maintained over the years. The bank has been consistent with a satisfaction survey for their employees called â€Å"the Voice† carried out twice a year. They have also maintained their investments to their local communities and society at large over the years (The co-operative bank sustainability report). Ethical investment policy generated in 1992 is still an ongoing process for the bank (http://www.thenews.coop). In maintaining this policy, the bank is loose out on income resulting to a reduction in income for turning business away. 5. Conclusion This report has reviewed some of the different CSR theories and models that are important to managers when they are deciding on their CSR approaches. The report also reviewed how CSR has been evolving over the years with theories and models of different scholars. The co-operative bank engages their stakeholders in all their CSR approaches which help them to understand the stakeholders better. The bank understands the fact that a successful business occur only when all the stakeholders work together with mutual ethical values. Using the sethi’s three stage schema and the 3C-SR model to evaluate the Co-operative bank, it is quite clear that the bank is an ethically and socially responsible corporation. Even thought they are losing income and spending a lot to remain ethically and socially responsible they still insist on maintaining ethical policy. On the other hand the benefits of sustaining their ethical policy out weight the losses being made. The bank made a more profit in 2010 than 2009. The bank is not only using CSR as a business strategy but they are also being sensitive to all the needs of their stakeholders including positive impact the environment. REFERENCES Articles Carroll, A.B. (1979), â€Å"A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance†, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 4, No.4, pp. 497-505 Bowen, H.R. (1953), Social Responsibilities of the Businessman, Harper, New York, NY. Carroll, A.B. (1991), The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: towards the moral the moral management of organizational stakeholders†, Business Horizons, July/August, pp. 39-40 Carroll, A.B. (1998), â€Å"The four Faces of Corporate Citizenship†, Business and society Review Vol.100 No.1, pp.1-7 Friedman, M., (1970) â€Å"The Social responsibility of business is to increase its profit†, York Times Magazine, September 13 1970, pp. 32-34). Meehan, J; Meehan, K; Richards, A. (2006), â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility: the 3C-SR model†, International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 33, pp.386 398 Sethi, S.P. ((1975), â€Å"Dimensions of corporate social responsibility†, California Management Review, Vol. 17, No.3, pp. 58-64 Wan Saiful Wan-Jan, (2006), â€Å"Defining Corporate Social responsibility†, Vol. 6, Issue 3-4, pp. 176-184

Friday, September 20, 2019

Product Life Cycle In The High Tech Industry Marketing Essay

Product Life Cycle In The High Tech Industry Marketing Essay Posits that, as the pace of change has accelerated rapidly and created unprecedented uncertainty in the markets of this decade, many companies have needed to dispense with existing, once reliable, practices in order to remain competitive. Suggests that the efficacy of one particular marketing tool, the product life cycle model, has been questioned, by various writers in the academic and business press, with regard to the general applicability and validity of its assertions and the claim it makes to be able to predict the marketing strategies that should be applied at different stages of a products life. Explores the arguments for and against the validity of the product life cycle model as a marketing tool in this present, dynamic environment. Introduction the product life cycle model Since its adoption by marketing, the product life cycle (PLC) has achieved universal acceptance because of its appeal and wide application. In the 1950s and 1960s, when markets concentrated on consumer goods and were characterized by simple segmentation, comparatively stable technology and relatively unsophisticated communications, the product life cycle model was an acceptable assemblage of market dynamics (Wood, 1990). Despite the fact that no two life cycles are the same, the model was proffered, with support either from experience or from empirical research in the fast-moving consumer goods sector, as a predictive tool to anticipate marketing requirements and aid long-term planning of product strategies in advance of each stage of the cycle. The concept was analysed so frequently in marketing literature that it became given to many executives. The product life cycle represents a core element of marketing theory and has done for four decades. According to marketing literature, every product or service has, by definition, a life cycle and how this is managed is key to survival in business. The product life cycle model describes how most products pass sequentially through four stages: introduction, growth, maturity and decline (see Figure 1). Each of these phases requires different strategies relating to promotion, pricing, distribution and competition, to maximize the products value and profitability. The principal components of the model are changes in sales, stage identification and sequential sales behaviour. The concept proved to be exceptionally durable and was explicated eloquently. According to Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976), its use has added lustre and believability to the insistent claim that marketing is close to becoming a science. The product life cycle theory has been exposed to comparatively little reproach with very few writings contesting the assumptions it makes, although Mercer (1993a) emphasizes that substantiation of the concept has seemed surprisingly difficult to uncover. However, the dynamic markets of the eighties, bore little resemblance to the relatively simply defined and stable markets of the early sixties (Wood, 1990) and with this the validity of the product life cycle was brought into question. Dhalla and Yuspehs article is the one most quoted as the premiss for recent scepticism over the product life cycle theorys general applicability (Mercer, 1993a). The validity of the product life cycle model The product life cycle theory draws an analogy with the life cycle of human beings, in that every product in a market is mortal. In the world of biology, each stage in the cycle is fixed, with one stage following on from another in both an invariable and irreversible order. In the marketing world, however, neither of these circumstances is typical, the length of different stages of the life cycle tending to differ from product to product. For example, certain products have scarcely any growth stage, while others introductory and maturity stages are barely discernible (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Not all sequences of stages in actual sales are consistent with the expected sequence of the model. The expected time pattern for each stage is often dismissed on the premiss that it depends on the product itself. Polli and Cook (1969) explain how most graphic representations of the cycle ignore the stage of decline, inferring that the introduction and growth stages make up half of the products life. This leads us to assume the life cycle curve is symmetrical at the middle of the growth stage. Furthermore, this implies the introductory and growth stages amount to the same length of time as periods of slow growth and maturity. The model presumes the existence of some rules indicating the movement of the product from one stage to another. However, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ no such rules can be objectively developed (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Wood points out that the phrase life cycle itself contradicts the evidence by insinuating absolute inevitability and irreversibility (Wood, 1990), the evidence demonstrating that products can move in different time scales and in different sequence throughout their life. Polli and Cook (1969) conclude that this presumed sequence of sales characterizes the weak assumption of the product life cycle model and that in addition the expected proportion of time spent in each stage represents the strong assumption of the product life cycle model. Similarly, a products life cycle differs to that of a human beings as it is usual for products to attain a second life or to be reincarnated as a result of promotion. Likewise, numerous brands have been seen to go from maturity back to rapid growth (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Hiam (1990) believes it is dangerous to presume that products have a life cycle, since anything with a life cycle dies. Although it appears obvious that every product will ultimately be replaced, at a frequency that is dependent on the specific industry and market, there is the problem that this assumption of death will prove a self-fulfilling prophecy. Hiam (1990) states that many products can be revitalized and that maturity simply reflects saturation of a specific target market with a specific product form. If the form of product is varied and the target market expanded, new growth can sometimes be created, such that only when a company has exhausted all alternative ways to reposition the product has the produ ct to die. Hiam (1990) believes it is a myth that products have a predetermined life-span. Wood (1990) concurs that, by establishing the prospect of decline, the product life cycle may become a self-fulfilling prophecy with valuable brands being prematurely discontinued. Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976) substantiate this rationale with their research, which found many cases where a brand was dropped because management, on the basis of the product life cycle theory, believed the brand had reached a dying stage. For instance, where a brands success had dwindled for a few years, because of factors such as poor advertising, management believed the product had reached the decline stage and subsequently redirected funds from this product to new products, rather than seek corrective measures. As the brand continued to deteriorate, new products were launched and the brand was considered to be in decline purely on the basis of the product life cycle concept. One example was that of a US toothpaste, Ipana, which was marketed until 1968, then abandoned and replaced by new products. However, a year later, two businessmen picked up the brand name and created a new formula, keeping the original packaging. With virtually no promotion and limited resources, sales turned around in the first seven months, and within three years the toothpaste was still being used by over one million people. Had the original company kept the product and provided suitable marketing support for it, the brand may have been in an even stronger position in the market (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976) also identified several other problems with the product life cycle model. First, it is often difficult to determine, with any accuracy, at which stage of the cycle the product actually is. As the four stages of the cycle are not clear-cut, it is possible to assume a product is at a particular phase when the opposite may in fact be the case. For instance, a product may be seen to have reached maturity, when in actuality it is merely at an ephemeral plateau. Considering variations can take place year-to-year, it is also difficult to foresee when the next stage of the life cycle will appear, how long it will last, and to what levels sales will extend (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). In a similar vein, Levitt highlights some shortcomings of the practical application of the product life cycle concept, on the presumption that the purpose of the concept is to establish the stage of ones product in the cycle and then select the strategy befitting that stage. The major problem which Levitt identifies is that, in order for the model to have any practical use, the marketing manager needs to know the answers to three key questions: how and to what extent the shape and duration of each stage can be predicted; how one can determine what stage a product is in; and how the concept can be used effectively. Answering these questions is difficult. If basic marketing information is not held, the shape of the curve is irrelevant and positioning the product on the product life cycle curve becomes reduced largely to a matter of guesswork (Wood, 1990). Mercer (1993b) also points out that in many markets the product or brand life cycle is longer than the actual planning cycle of organizations. Even where companies look to the product life cycle, they will be basing their plans only on the small section of the cycle in which they reside at the time, rather than covering the entire life of the product. As a result, the theory can offer only few, if any, benefits. In Mercers (1993b) survey, 49 per cent of managers attached the value of the product life cycle to new products and a quarter attached it to the decline stage, while none referred to the mature stage. As a result, the theory has little value for the majority of organizations whose products are at the mature stage. Mercer sees its use as dangerous for such organizations because it may entice managers of thriving mature products prematurely to expect the move into the decline stage. Similarly, the product life cycle concept has led top executives to over-emphasize new product introduction and neglect older brands, despite the belief that the odds are four to one against new products being successful. While Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976) believe work on new products should proceed, they see that it is on todays products that a companys profits normally depend. In parallel, Goldberg (1994) states that too many executives in the industry think building new products is the answer, when it is often not. He maintains that companies need to be creative and refresh and create excitement around products to avoid the costs that occur with brand new products. He believes responding to short cycles is a key part to todays hyper-competitive market and doing this the wrong way is bound to cause you major problems. Most writers proffer the product life cycle concept as an ideal framework, but neglect to establish the difference between product class (e.g. cigarettes), product form (e.g. filter cigarettes) and brand (e.g. Winston). Many product classes' life can extend into centuries, e.g. automobiles, radios, soft drinks. Many appear in the absence of technological breakthroughs, to be almost impervious to normal life cycle pressures, provided they satisfy some basic need. When supporters talk about the life cycle of a product, they are invariably referring to product forms. The Marketing Science Institute also carried out research in an attempt to validate the product life cycle concept for product classes and forms. Over 100 product categories in the food, health, and personal care sectors were inspected and the number of cases that did not follow the sequence of stages on the product life cycle concept were recorded. Research concluded that the product life cycle concept had some reason for being, in that it explained sales behaviour better than a chance model could, however, the authors expressed doubts about its general validity. The authors concluded that their findings suggest the life cycle concept, when used as an explicit model, is more likely to be misleading than useful (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). With regard to brands, the product life cycle model has been shown by Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976) to have even less validity. They believe that even when a brand survives the introductory stage, the model in most cases cannot be used as a planning or a predictive tool. Evidence for the product life cycle concept is not assuring because brands tend to have different patterns of sales, and therefore the product form curves cannot indicate what sales will be like (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Polli and Cook (1969) also believe the model to be more appropriate for examining the life of product forms than of product classes, while Wood (1990) suggests that, as the product life cycle concept is being related purely to brands, the use of the theory is encouraging an unhealthy myopia and brand/product focus. Mercer (1993a) also carried out research into the life cycle of brands, using data collected by the British Marketing Research Bureau, in which 929 brands were tracked within 150 market segments from 1969 to 1989. He found that the majority of those brands which were leaders in 1969 remained brand leaders in their respective markets in 1989. Only 7 per cent had declined below fourth place and only 1 per cent had been discontinued (Mercer, 1993a). This research shows there is a clear lack of evidence of the end stage of the life cycle, which itself weakens the assumption that the product life cycle theory is applicable generally. The research illustrates that the most important characteristics of most life cycles is that-for all practical intents and purposes-they do not exist (Mercer, 1993b). Mercer (1993b) believes, therefore, that the product life cycle of brand leaders is one of continuity and that it is a tautology that products are created and later die. Consequently, Mercer (1993b) questions the practical use of the product life cycle theory to the marketing manager. Since his findings suggest the average length of a brands life exceeds 20 years, the product life cycle concept may do little to satisfy the needs of the marketing manager whose objectives are likely to be contained within two years. This problem was also highlighted in discussions with the Public Relations Manager for the IT sector of Insight Marketing, Jo Bethell, who expressed difficulty in following the product life cycle model when marketing high-tech products. The difficulties arose primarily when developments in the industry forced Insight Marketing to take reactive action, contrary to the action predetermined by the product life cycle model. Polli and Cook (1969) concur that it is wrong to deduce, even from an extensive period of sales stability in a general product class, that saturation has been reached necessarily and that the product life cycle model, despite its other merits, cannot be invoked to support this supposition. They believe saturation is reached only if new product forms are not practicable with existing technology and if new uses for existing forms cannot be found. Both these forces can increase dramatically the level of market acceptance for a product class, with changes in past sales failing to predict their effects. Polli and Cook (1969) conclude that the maturity stage for a product class can be construed as saturation only by taking as given the state of technology and applications for existing product forms with the product class. In addition, they suggest it is not sound to conclude, from the detection of a few periods of decline after prolonged sales stability, that sales of a product class will continue to fall. Their findings propound that, while continued decline is possible, it is uncommon for a product class and the most likely outcome of such a period of decline will be fall in the maximum sales level and a renewed period of sales stability or maturity. They deduce, therefore, that a decline in the acceptance of a product class does not mean it is a dying market opportunity. Some suggest the maturity stage of a product is associated with stability of market shares within that product. With regard to the market share of product forms that are within a general product class, Polli and Cook (1969) found this to be inapt. They illustrated that, even during maturity of the product class, acceptance levels of product forms can change significantly. For example, in their research, plain filter cigarettes (a product form) experienced rapid growth to a high level of sustained demand, whereas the product class (cigarettes) stayed in the maturity stage for more than 40 years. Nevertheless, Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976) argue that, where consumer tastes and values change, or preferences move to new and improved competitive products euthanasia has to be quietly performed so that the companys capital resources can be used profitably in other ventures. The existence of product feature cycles and upgrades in features of products which are referred to as product life cycles also confuses the issue. Nevertheless, the brand that contains these ephemeral components is often still the dominant element of the overall product and is very long lasting. Mercers (1993a) evidence shows how the theory has little import in most markets and should be used only in special circumstances. Nevertheless, the major lesson of the PLC-that change is to be ignored at the marketing managers peril-still holds true (Mercer, 1993a). The product life cycle model has also been criticized for its lack of empirical backing. Wood (1990) refers to research by Polli and Cook to point out that only 17 per cent product classes and 20 per cent product forms exhibited a sales behaviour essentially consistent with the product life cycle and that 83 per cent product classes and 80 per cent product forms did not fit the classical PLC shape. Some supporters of the product life cycle concept have attempted to validate the theory by introducing alternative curves appropriate for different situations. Many shapes, durations and sequences have been revealed, yet explanations for such differences have not been researched, despite this understanding being crucial for development of strategy and well-informed forecasting (Day, 1981). Variations in the product life cycle are inescapable if Levitts premiss is believed, i.e. that the basis of the concept is that the life-cycle can be managed (Wood, 1990). Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976) believ e such endeavours to substantiate the product life cycle concept leave much to be desired and that it would be better to admit that the whole PLC concept has little value in the world of brands. Yet another element of question in the validity of the product life cycle is that the sales changes of a product differ in relation to the actual definition of the product. In support of this, Polli and Cook (1969) explain that, although cars and mentholated filter cigarettes are both products, cars include components more heterogeneous among themselves than filter cigarettes. Thus, this general problem must be acknowledged to avoid error Polli and Cook (1969) concede that the product life cycle concept has not been tested systematically as a model of sales behaviour, probably because of the inclination not to take the concept very seriously, because of its degree of validity. However, they profess that several writers have used the product life cycle model as a basis for recommendations about the composition of marketing programmes at the various stages of the life cycle, for instance to formulate advertising campaigns and so on. These marketing programmes are based on the underlying presupposition that the product life cycle is independent of a companys marketing practice. Polli and Cook (1969) point out, however, that, while it is possible that amendments to advertising may not affect the life cycle of a product, this ought to be clearly established before it is accepted as a basis for planning. Polli and Cook (1969) carried out extensive research to evaluate the performance of the product life cycle model and attempt to verify it empirically as a descriptive model of sales behaviour. Their principal aim was to evaluate the consistency of the model with actual records of sales of product classes, product forms and brands. They compared the number of stages that deviate from the presumed sequence of the life cycle model with the number of inconsistent observations in 100 simulated sequences, which are stages generated by a chance process. For a detailed explanation of their test procedures, see Polli and Cook, 1969. They found that the concurrence between sales performance of product forms and the life cycle model was good and that changes in sales for product classes, product forms, and brands were all concordant with the product life cycle model. When testing the performance of the life cycle their findings showed that, in essence, 44 per cent of all products displayed sales behaviour consistent with the life cycle and that, for 96 per cent of products, the inconsistent observations were fewer than the mean number of inconsistencies. However, they do stress that any inference from their research results should consider ones personal assessment of what compounds a good enough fit, which depends on the definition of product used and the influence of demand and supply on sales. Nevertheless, Polli and Cook (1969) contest that their results strongly suggest the life cycle concept, when tested in a given market and found valid, can be a fairly rich model of sales behaviour and that, even with refer ence to brands, the product life cycle model is strong enough to merit its use in that category and further testing in other categories. Polli and Cook (1969) conclude that, while the overall performance of the model could be disputed with regard to its general applicability, its appeal, the existence of a theoretical foundation in the adoption process, and their own research results point to the model being valid in many common market situations. The product life cycle concept is a verifiable model of sales behaviour, particularly in market situations where different product forms compete for the same market segment with a general class of products, and can be helpful in planning marketing and forecasting sales. Quarterdeck Office Systems, a small computer software firm in Santa Monica, California, USA, also profess the validity of the product life cycle, the use of which they claim saved the companys neck. The company exists through serving a niche created by Microsoft. When Microsoft launched Windows 3.0, which incorporated the features of Quarterdecks products, Quarterdeck would have been ruined were it not for managements knowledge and use of the product life cycle concept. They identified the various life-cycle stages of their products and continually assessed the strategies Microsoft was following. They found that their product worked more efficiently with older computers and for a large segment of users who struggle to learn new programs and would rather not upgrade to new hardware. On the other hand, Microsofts Windows worked better with newer computer models and with software requiring more memory. On this basis, and considering the fact Microsoft was aiming their product at the introduction and growth stages, Quarterdeck positioned its own product at the mature and declining stages of the life cycle. Through creating such a niche in these stages of the life cycle, the company identified the only way it could succeed (Paley, 1994). Paley (1994) believes marketing managers generally are starting to administer product life cycle strategies to extend the sales life of their product, find a market position in which they can avoid conflict with strong rivals, and organize their salesforce to achieve greater productivity. He sees introducing the product life cycle strategy as a resourceful way in which to forge competitive advantage and that its implementation could make the difference between life and death of a company when confronted with overwhelming competition. Attempts to validate or rebut the life cycle concept on an empirical basis have been restricted by the lack of a definition as to which life is being examined, since different writers have different understandings of the product life cycle concept. No satisfactory empirical ratification of the concept exists and furthermore, by following sales over time, what are being observed are the consequences of different management strategies on the life cycle. To exemplify, Wood (1990) refers to Cox who identified six types of life cycle curve, which would imply a cycle-recycle pattern where sales do not decline following maturity of the product, but begin the old cycle again as a result of a push in promotion. Despite such criticism, the product life cycle has become accepted and valued as an element of basic marketing theory and has become a block on which management theory has been built. Mercer (1993a) points out that, from the evidence taken from his literature searches, the product life cycle seems still to be a dominant component of marketing theory. Nevertheless, he devotes much of his paper to augmenting the evidence that the product life cycle has only limited applicability. Conclusions Serious doubt as to the validity of the product life cycle model as a marketing tool has been raised. The model has been widely criticized, by writers in the academic and business press, for many reasons. For instance, not all sequences of stages in actual sales are consistent with the expected sequence of the model, and products have been seen to experience second lives, a concept not acknowledged by the product life cycle model. Furthermore, many writers have criticized the model since it is difficult to determine at which stage of the cycle the product actually is. The model has also been open to reproach on the grounds that it does not establish the difference between product class, product form and brand. Moreover, products themselves differ according to levels of innovation and price, changes in technology, consumer needs and tastes, and changes in economic circumstances, all of which can influence the life cycle. Although the product life cycle concept has not been tested systematically as a model of sales, probably as a result of this abundance of criticism and subsequent tendency not to take it too seriously, some writers have used the model and based marketing strategies on the assertions and recommendations it makes for each stage. Polli and Cook (1969) offer probably the most thorough examination of the validity of the concept and one of few that actually finds that the concurrence between sales performance and changes in sales of products were concordant with the product life cycle model. Nevertheless, it has been the significance of these factors-which have been raised by critics of the concept-which has led to the questioning of the efficacy of the product life cycle concept as a tool to predict marketing strategies. Evidence set out here suggests that the product life cycle model is useful to monitor sales but its expediency in deciding the fate of products has been strongly challenged. Kotler himself was reported by Wood (1990) as now accepting that the value of the product life cycle for forecasting is limited, while Wood (1990) suggests the product life cycle has fulfilled its purpose. He contends that the product life cycle concept is failing to perform effectively and that in the 1990s the PLC will have little, if anything, to offer marketing education and that teaching the concept will actually constrain marketing management thinking. Mercer (1993a) goes as far as to say that the product life cycle should be eliminated from the marketers vocabulary and is in effect a fallacy (Mercer, 1993b).

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Texas Holdem Excellence Essay -- Personal Narrative Card Games Essays

Texas Holdem Excellence How do we define odds to ourselves? Are they things that happen because they are suppose to or are they things that were written and statistics made them happen. Odds and statistics play major roles in almost every event in life. They affect everything from who we marry and how long it lasts right down to what shoes we wear. These odds and statistics are very noticeable to everyone especially in a game of Texas hold'em poker. The game has some skills involved but the odds still apply to the type of cards a player is dealt in order to use his skills. This poker game is new and is played by many but only mastered by a few. I happen to look at myself as some one who has mastered the game. On Friday brad came up to me in school and asked if I was coming to the tournament tonight at his house. I responded "its Friday night what do you think I will be doing." He then said" Be there around 7 with the usual twenty dollar buy in." Walking around all day with a big grin on my face because in my head I was thinking that I have this thing wrapped up. I know there were going to be fifty or more people at his house for the tournament which was winner take all. The grin on my face was from me remembering the last three weeks in which I won the tournaments very easily. Later on in the day we were sitting in our English class talking some trash to each other. I said to Dan" are you guys prepared to go down again tonight for the fourth strait week." Dan responded " there is no way you can win again the odds are against you, so you better be prepared to take a beating tonight." I snapped back" Yes, they might be running out but the odds also state that I have a one in two hundred and fifty chance of winning which I ... ... and seventy five dollars," said Brad with an expression less face. "Call" I boldly stated knowing I was going to win, as the whole room fell silent as they all gasped for air. The river card was an three which did nothing. This was the big moment as we both turned our cards over. "The winner of the money was Justin Slesser" stated Brian while brad shook my had and retreated up stairs. The tournament started at seven and ended just before eight in the morning. There were many up's and downs in the tournament, but all in all I was very happy and was just glad to spend the evening with my poker buddies just like every Friday night. All my hard work and risk taking I beat the odds that my buddy Dan set against me the day before. This goes to show that odds play big roles in every thing but don’t be afraid to take a risk because someone says the odds are against you.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Germany: The New Battle :: European Europe History

Germany: The New Battle Thesis: This paper will argue that Germany needs to secure itself as both the economic and political hegemon of Europe inside of the European Union; until its present condition and effectiveness in the global politics changes, instability in the European Union, as well as, basic fear of will always be present. I. Introduction II. Historical Perspective-The two negative factors A. Fear - twice in one century 1) Bismarck/Frederick II 2) Hitler B. Foolishness 1) WWI 2) WWII III. Reunification - The Key A. Economic realities 1) E. Germany's status 2) Infrastructure B. The significance of one Germany 1) Future 2) Politics IV. European Union-The means to and end A. European "check and balance system" 1) Hope for the future 2) Provisions for success B. The answer to a disturbing question 1) Can Germany be strong and peaceful? 2) France and England V. Conclusion The formation of a state can be both a beautiful and terrifying event . As a national you now have a home and place to live with people of a common culture and heritage, an identity. If you are a founder of the new state, there would be a sense of accomplishment of having achieved the fulfillment of a lifetime goal. Other states which deemed this new state as legitimate and recognized it as a self-determined equal, have created a potential ally or enemy. The downside, the premature recognition and the actual struggle for that status, usually entails conflict, loss of life, revolution and even war. A state was formed and recognized in 1871 in the center of Europe. This event has had an enormous impact since its inception. It has been both the salvation of Europe through economic depressions and hard times, as well as, the cause for two world wars and the near decimation of Europe. Its people have been back and forth between rags and riches, democracy and dictatorships, united, broken and then reunited. This state is known as Germany. Modern Germany has been reunified after almost 50 years of separation during the cold war. Once again German power and influence is on the rise. The world watches because Germany has not been able to successfully retain both total sovereignty over its territory and be an economic world power, for a substantial period of time; without plunging the world into an unavoidable conflict. The question of Germany and its position in world politics is one which has plagued statesmen since Germany's formation.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Analyzing a Police Encounters with a Suspect Essay -- Case Study, Exig

A police officer is required to have probable cause to stop a vehicle, which can be, but not limited to a traffic violation, equipment violation, or simply suspicious activity. A frisk of the occupants of a vehicle is justified if the police officer has reasonable suspicion that the occupants are armed and dangerous. In this essay, I will identify the levels of police encounter involved in the case study. I will describe the legal requirements needed to justify each encounter. I will analyze the facts in the case study against each level of encounter to determine if Officer Smith was justified. In the scenario presented in the case study, Officer Smith is on routine patrol at night when she notices the vehicle in front of her appears to have a broken tail light, but covered with colored tape. Officer Smith instructs the driver to pull the vehicle to the side of the road. In the 1996, Whren v. United States despite the prevailing circumstances and the personal opinion of the officer whether the occupant of a vehicle is involved in some other illegal activities, a traffic stop is legitimate as long as another logical officer would have stopped the vehicle for the same traffic violation (The Oyez Project at llT Chicago-Kent College of Law, 2013). The law varies on the broken tail light from state to state. In general, as long as the tail light does not show a bright glaring light and the tail light is operational then it is not a traffic law violation (Leagle, 2013). With that being duly noted, Officer Smith does not have reasonable suspicion to make the initial stop of this vehicle (Carden, 2013). In the case study, as Officer Smith walks to the driver side of the vehicle; she recalls that a car fitting the gene... ... 1 June 2015. http://www.georgiacriminaldefense.com/georgiaattemptingtoeludeapoliceofficer.html Leagle. (2013). Vicknair v. State. Web. 1 June 2015. http://www.leagle.com/decision/1983956670SW2d286_1945 Legal Information Institute. (n.d.). Exigent circumstances. Web. 1 June 2015. http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/exigent_circumstances National Paralegal College. (2007). Exceptions to the warrant requirement. Web. 1 June 2015. http://nationalparalegal.edu/conlawcrimproc_public/protectionfromsearches&seizures/extowarrantreq.asp Nolo. (2013). Your rights during a traffic stop. Web. 1 June 2015. http://www.lawfirms.com/resources/criminal-defense/traffic-tickets/your-rights-during-a-traffic-stop.htm The Oyez Project at llT Chicago-Kent College of Law. (2013). Whren v. United States. Web. 1 June 2015. http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1995/1995_95_5841

Authoritarian Government for the Philippines

Closing Government, Rebuttal research Motion: â€Å"This house believes that an authoritarian government will help the Philippines progress. † I. Expected Argument â€Å"The form of government doesn’t matter and the progress of the country will depend on the kind of leader we have as a president. † II. Counter-Argument â€Å"Unlike in other forms of the government, the authoritarian form of government allows us to make a standard to what kind of leader is best for our country. † III. Explanation Since the authoritarian government aims for a person single-handedly leading our country, all citizens must adhere and go by the ideals set by the leader himself. The only time the country will be in chaos during an authoritarian regime is when the citizens don’t agree with the leader. This can be solved by a very strict criteria and standard of what kind of leader our president should be. The standards can be ranged from what kind of school he graduated from, to experiences in leadership. Being a leader of a country is not simply a face who everybody recognizes from television or somebody who bribes and cheats his way into position. Setting a standard is faster and more possible when we have an authoritarian government. Other governments have to be associated and linked with â€Å"freedom†, and so it is rarely possible to set a specific standard for electing a president because they promote independence and freedom of whomever wants to be a president. It is most likely that there could be an unsuitable leader that is elected to be president in a democratic form of government (because it is â€Å"everybody’s ball game†, quoted from my father) – that is the reason why until now, Filipinos are still protesting about our presidents and how they do not do anything to solve our problems. When we have a proper judgement of who to elect leader, we can have a more disciplined nation, economy follows right after because when we have a leader with one single vision to improve on our problems, the processes can be faster. The standard set can reflect how much our president can help us with our economy. Stocks can go higher, we can export more high priority local goods, and we can improve on our nationalism at the same time. We have to put our electoral nominees to the test so that we can have a more progressive country in terms of economy. IV. Examples In a smaller scale, the application of an authoritarian government can be associated with how one runs a company with the president as the CEO, and the different local governments in our country as the different departments in an office building. In a publicly owned company, the CEO must be a good role model to his employees in order to make them do their job properly. The CEO must provide the needs of the employees and in turn, the employees give their hard work and talent in their business. Trust is therefore developed and it makes running the business flow easily. When people choose a CEO, they do not just choose out of a whim. They pick people who are trained specially for the position and they have a guideline on who to assign the position of CEO or any other big name in a company. Effective CEOs are those who amidst crisis, can still maintain the stock prices and make them the same amount as every normal day. However, when they appoint a bad CEO, it can be seen when the stocks drop low for about 40 to 50% even when there is no serious problem. In that case, he should really be ousted. Singapore, having an authoritarian government led by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, has an economy relatively corruption free and has one of the highest GDPs (Gross Domestic Products) in the world. It would not have been possible to have such a successful economy if not for such a qualified Prime Minister for their country. I believe that it is possible for it to happen in our country, the Philippines, as long as we have a specific guideline and criteria in nomitating and electing our country’s leader. V. Sources 1) â€Å"Country Rankings. † (accessed January 20, 2012) http://www. heritage. org/index/Ranking. aspx 2) Huff, W. G. â€Å"Cambridge Journal of Economics. † (accessed January 23, 2012) http://cje. oxfordjournals. org/content/19/6/735. abstract

Monday, September 16, 2019

Economic Growth and environmental problems Essay

The industrial revolution, which began around 1750, ushered human beings into a new era of modern civilization. While the remarkable progress in science and technology has improved people’s lives greatly, our earth is changing and the environment around us is becoming worse and worse. According to Booth (1991, p.552), the† long-run economic growth relies on the creation of new industries and new forms of economic activity, these new forms of economic activity create new kinds of environmental problems†. Focusing on these aspects, the economic growth will bring about serious environmental problems such as water pollution, air pollution, ozone depletion, and acid rain. One of environmental problems is water pollution that is caused by economic growth and is very widespread and serious in the world. Industrial wastewater is one of the water pollution that people are focusing on nowadays. As we know, with economic growth, there must be setting up more industrial factories in order to satisfy people’s needs. On the other hand, more or less, these industrial factories will drain off wastewater; as we know, these wastewater contain many toxic and harmful chemical substances, such as, SO2, NO, waste gases and some other aromatic compounds. Therefore, we can see that the rapid growth of the urban industry and the high speed of economic development caused a great deal of effect on water pollution especially on industrial wastewater. In addition, with the rapid economic growth, some out of date used water supply systems in developing countries can result in water pollution, especially in the populous mega-cities. The population in developing country mega-cities is increasing so fast that the piped water supply and sewer systems cannot follow the needs of the increasing population. Many sewer networks in developing countries still stay at the standard of colonial period. Therefore, most rivers and canals in developing countries are seriously polluted by untreated waste, sewage and toxic chemicals. Some rivers like the Teito River in Sao Paolo and the Huangpu River in Shanghai have become lifeless rivers (Rampal &Sinding, 1996). As the same time that  the surface water is polluted, various wastes also seriously defile ground water. In the Journal â€Å"2000, Planets Earth at the Crossroads’, the author Jim Motavalli showed â€Å"in developing countries, more than one-third of people lack access to clean water†(1999). Meanwhile, water pollution also aggravates water shortages. With rapid economic growth, the increasing human activity is the major reason for air pollution, especially on global warming, acid rain and smog. Obvious climate changes are the results of a great deal of human-caused greenhouse gas emission. In order to satisfy the needs of continued population and economic growth, people burn more fossil fuel to get enough energy and use more fertilizer on farmland to plant more crops. In these processes, lots of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (NO) are released in to the atmosphere. These gases are generally called greenhouse gases because they can absorb infrared radiation reflected from the earth surface and create â€Å"Greenhouse Effect†. According to Rogers & Feiss (1998,p.301), with the increasing atmosphere concentration of CO2 and CH4 since 1800, the average temperature of the earth rose about 0.5 C during the 19th century, which is about 20 times the natural temperature change. And based on the prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (in Rogers & Feiss, 1998, p.301) in early 1996, the global temperature will increase from 2 C to 6 C by the year 2100. Some evidence supports that the prediction about global warming is true. For example, except for1991 and 1992, the rest eight years from 1985 to1995 have become the hottest years of the past century; among this decade, the average temperature in 1995 was 0.07 C higher than in 1994. With this rising rate, the global temperature will increase over 7 C by the end of the 21st century (Rogers & Feiss, 1998, pp.300-302). Thus, we can how the global temperature has been changed by increasing human activities accompanied by fast economic growth during past 200 years. Global warming may result in some serious consequences, such as the expansion of tropical desert and arid regions; the reduction of agricultural production in tropical area; the increase of sea level; population migration from coastlines to inland; and abnormal weather including more tropical  storm, blizzards, and droughts and so on. The increasing emission of greenhouse gases will continue to affect the global worming more obvious than before. Up to now, people had no idea how to solve these potential environmental problems that will be caused by global warming. Widespread acid rain and smog comes from burning large amount of oil and coal. All kinds of automobiles, factories, industrial boilers, power plants as well as heating devices of households emit thousands tons sulfur dioxide(SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide(CO) and ozone(O3) into the atmosphere everyday. When SO2 and NO2 dissolve in rainwater and increase rainwater acidity, acid rain is formed. Acid rain can acidify many lakes and streams, and it kills all kinds of fish; it also can erode soil and make plants die. Now, in the eastern United States, eastern Canada, as well as Europe, the problem of acid rain is severe. On the other hand, these gases compound with water and dust in the atmosphere, and then form smog. Smog usually stays in the populous mega-cities and contributes to lung decease. 100 years ago, London was famous for its smog. Now, most of the 20 largest cities in the world have smog problem to some degree. Human-caused air pollution is threatening peopleâ⠂¬â„¢s health and our environment. People have entered the new millennium. The global environment has been changing over time due to rapid economic growth. Meanwhile, the economic growth will be ongoing. It is difficult to control the environmental problems that caused by economic growth although people are trying to make some policies to limit and minimize these serious problems. Up to now, rapidly increasing economic growth has seriously influenced the earth environment. All activities are due to the need of population growth and economic development. With economic growth continuing, the environment will worsen. Therefore, to reduce the world’s environmental problems, it is important to control economic growth.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Describe a Place using Soapmaps

Several places exist in all over the world and probably you must have heard of many famous places within London itself like Tower Bridge or Buckingham Palace. However, I would not waste time explaining these places, which you might be already aware of. What I can usually describe well and might be to your interest is my lovely ‘House' – my home. Everyone possesses a home and what makes it special are the people who live in there. Impression of a house is developed from how much you care about it and how well you maintain or look after it. So, let us have a look on how does my house look like and what might be special about it. My house is situated in the South East of London. You might better know my place by the town, Edgware. The bright sunshine in the morning, from east sets my house on fire. The glittering windows from outside reflect my image to make me feel great about myself. The entrance of my house gives a heart welcome to all my guests and bestows good wishes to all my family members each time we trespass there. As you enter the main door, you will find a small lobby in which at the side, you will see a shoe rack lying in the corner and waiting for our footwears to go in there. You would probably consider this as strange but believe me, it is very useful especially in my house where you will find a polite notice reading â€Å"Please take off your shoes† in the lobby. I would myself regard this as ridiculous if I saw this notice at anyone's house but since I moved to this wooden floor house, I understand the importance of doing so. The big drawback of wooden flooring is that it gets dirty very quickly and this is the major factor enforcing us to put off our shoes at the entrance. Moving a few steps forward from the lobby, you will find the narrow stairs running upstairs to the bedrooms. I am not taking you to see my bedroom so early, so let us go a few steps forward instead of running in the stairs on the left. Continuing forward, you will find a glass door, which glistens and sparkles light from the beautiful chandelier inside. As you open the door, a nice room freshener smell fills your nose and you imagine yourself being in heaven. But when you open your eyes, you find yourself in my living room. As you move your eyes around, you see three posh black sofas lie on the corner of the three walls. They appear large enough and above that, they give you the superb comfort, as you would like to have after a hard working day. The centre table in the room displays several magazines and newspapers to read. My dad usually likes reading the newspapers and so do I but if talking about me, it would be sometimes only or you can simply call it occasionally. If you look around the walls, you will find my TV hung around on the corner of the fourth wall, which I would personally describe as the perfect place to put your TV. Firstly, it looks nice, saves space and lastly, it stands in level to your eyes. What else would you expect from this fantabulous TV? And this not the end to the ground floor of my house. There is also a two in one kitchen, which simply means kitchen to cook as well as dining room to eat your meal. The fitted kitchen with cupboards and shelves sometimes make me confuse as almost all shelves open in different direction and some are very strange to your normal expectations. But never mind; living in this house for a year has made me habitual to this everyday use of kitchen and its applications. This is the place I love the most in my house as my mum cooks me some really good food, which I would enjoy eating for days. You can smell this tasty food from the entrance of the house like me when I come to home from school and quickly rush to eat that nice food. Now, let us return back to the stairs, which I showed you at the beginning and I guess you probably wanted to climb up quickly at that time to look what is over there. So let me show you but be careful while climbing up the stairs. I would especially warn you, as the stairs are really narrow and you will probably end up slipping down if you have big feets. I have been through this experience several times and even my younger brother who likes to hang around has been a victim of this funny but painful thing. So, as you climb up those deep ocean blue stairs, you will find my parents' bedroom on the right that stays really neat and clean. You will find each and everything at its place, as my mum is really neat and organised and takes good care of the house as well as of myself. If you look over the red wall at front, you will find a big wallpaper of the ship sailing in the sea. My mum says that this is usually good to put in the house as it generates positive feelings and also represents and inspires your life as you imagine yourself being the ship and you are moving ahead in the world to gain those great heights and destinations. Well, I like my mum's understanding of things and admire her those precious thoughts, which you cannot just think of. So at last, I will show you my bedroom but do not be stunned and may be shocked to see it. As soon as you open the door, you will see large posters hung around on blue coloured walls. There are cartoon pictures and teddy bears, which will appear as sweet as me. On my bed you will find all clothes spread around and the room will appear totally diverse as compared to my parents' neat and clean bedroom. I have also got a computer system placed on the table at the corner of the room on which you will usually find me working. The big shiny mirror on the door of the cupboard reflects my image to appear as a shining star. The bright sunrays penetrate through three large windows just after my bed to reach my eyes and wake me up in the morning for school. I cover my face with my blanket to avoid the bright light but then the clock alarm goes off to wake me up. At last, I give up sleeping and get up to get ready for school in the morning. This is what my bedroom is like where you will find things different and alike. This is what my house offers and this is how my house is like. A great experience with a thrilling chill environment will fill you with freshness and make you cheerful to have a great day out. I hope you enjoyed this adventurous journey of my home and had a good idea of how a good home should be, like my one. Don't you think so?

Saturday, September 14, 2019

The Buddha Image: A Foundation for Attachment

Madeline Brisbane Buddhism Course Assignment 11/16/11 The Buddha Image: A Foundation for Attachment According to Freedburg, the author of The Power of Images, a figure resembling human form â€Å"enables the reconstitution of life† and makes â€Å"the absent present and the dead alive† (p. 11)1. An image preserves the aura of the person it resembles, and therefore allows for an eternal essence to remain after death. Within the realm of Buddhism, images of the Buddha serve a wide variety of spiritual and practical purposes. For some, keeping a Buddha image in their home is a sign of respect.Others find it comforting and peaceful to look at a Buddha image. In some parts of the world, specifically Southeast Asia, the Buddha image is a symbol of supernatural power and protection, and is essential to the efficacy of rituals. If a ritual fails to succeed in the absence of a Buddha image, then there must be an interdependency between images and ritualistic success. And if an i nterdependency exists, then the entire concept contradicts the Buddha's teaching of non-attachment because the ritual becomes attached to the presence of a Buddha image.Through an analysis of he origins and evolution of the use of Buddha images and relics in Southeast Asia, it would appear that an obsession with the presence of a Buddha image has emerged, conflicting with Buddha's teaching about non-attachment. As the second Noble Truth states, attachment is the origin of suffering. Therefore, to foster an interdependency between images and ritualistic success would go against the most fundamental values of Buddhism.In order to maintain the most basic ideals of Buddhism, the Buddha image must only serve as a reminder of the Buddha's presence rather than s a necessary component of practicing rituals effectively. To image the Buddha is not a modern concept; the Buddha must have always been imagined through stories, myths, and symbols. However, there are many legends surrounding the or igins or the first Buddha image. The most relevant theory regarding the original Buddha image to Southeast Asia is the story of the sandalwood statue.The story appears in many Buddhist texts that emerged over time throughout Asia. Most relevant to Southeast Asia is the Pali text from Sri Lanka recounted in the Kosala-Bimba-Vannana. In ummary, the story claims that after King Pasanedi of Kosala arrived to the Jetavana monastery to visit the Buddha only to find the Buddha away on a Journey, he leaves in disappointment. He returns later and tells the Buddha that to he would like to â€Å"have an image made in the likeness of the Tathagata†¦ for the benefit of the whole world. 2 The Buddha then adds that those who build an image of the Buddha will â€Å"accrue a great, immeasurable, incalculable benefit. â€Å"3 Upon seeing the gilded, yellow- robed statue, with the Buddha's teaching inscribed into the statue, the Buddha xpands on the praiseworthy benefits ot making Buddha image s . These benefits include avoiding rebirth into Buddhist hells; being reborn into wealthy families; and eventually attaining enlightenment. Within the statue, the dharma and the Buddha image are â€Å"cohesively conjoined. 4From this ancient tale, it is clear that the first Buddha image was built based on the kings desire to feel the presence of the Buddha even when he was not physically present. The need to feel the Buddha's presence has survived thousands of years, as many Buddhists still cherish the Buddha image as a reminder of his prevailing presence. Despite the non-theistic nature of early Buddhism, the dedication that followers of the path have to keeping Buddha images around illustrates that they worshipped and continue to worship the Buddha greatly.They cherish the notion of feeling the Buddha's presence at all times. The Theravada branch of Buddhism exemplifies the extent to which the Buddha's presence is valued by followers of the path. As Theravada ascended into South east Asia from Sri Lanka after the eleventh century B. C. E. , vernacular traditions ecame increasingly popular. In nature, Theravada Buddhism worships the historical model of the Buddha as a superhuman capable of miraculous deeds.Relics were therefore treasured as objects of magical power that allowed an â€Å"actual physical connection to the Buddha† because they were either part of the Buddha's body or came into physical contact with it. 5 Because it became impossible to exist in the presence of the Buddha in his physical form after his death, inserting a relic into an image became a way to restore the physical presence of the Buddha. In doing so, he image would supposedly provide protection against evil forces. However, when the Buddha image is revered for its supernatural protective strength, the Buddha image becomes a controversial concept.It seems that the more recent traditions of magical expectation and anticipation associated with Buddha images and relics has caused a shift away from the historical emphasis on the original monastic view of high moral responsibility and spiritual practice. Instead of following one's own karmic duties of doing good in order to receive good or trusting one's own ability to practice ituals successfully the old-fashioned way, the presence of the Buddha image during ritual has turned into a necessity for many Buddhists.If the presence of a Buddha image is necessary for rituals to work properly, then there has to an interdependency between the Buddha image and ritualistic success. Western scholar Donald Swearer, author of Becoming the Buddha, argues that â€Å"the Buddha must be†¦ present for the ritual to be efficacious for the dhamma to flourish, and for the sangha to prosper. † Moreover, scholar David Eckel makes the point that â€Å"people experience mental nguish when they cannot see the Buddha. 6 Wouldn't the creation of images therefore foster an attachment between humans and objects?This correlat ion between the Buddha image and the effectiveness of rituals, the dharma, and the sangha makes the Buddha image a very powerful entity. There is even an association between kings and material symbols of the Buddha, particularly relics and images. There is a Thai custom of swearing allegiance to the king in front of the Emerald Buddha image; the Buddha image can therefore be seen as a symbol of power and not Just a representation of the Buddha. Furthermore, the Buddha image is presently interpreted as a sign of respect and a way for devotees to make merit; â€Å"the Buddha's field of merit is operative†¦ hrough his continued post-Nibbana presence in his relics and images. â€Å"7 It Buddha images currently tunction as a means to validate the effectiveness of rituals and to make merit, then there is an undeniable interdependency between the Buddha image and the success of rituals as an expression of religious devotion, and therefore an attachment between the two. Due to the fa ct that non-attachment is one of the most fundamental values established ithin Buddhism, to classify the Buddha image as a necessity would be to diverge from Buddhism altogether.In simpler terms, to be dependent on the Buddha image is to form an attachment with it, and to form an attachment is to defy the basic ideals of Buddhism. Thus, the evolution of the Buddha image as a means of preserving the Buddha's presence into an entity that is necessary for the proper execution of rituals and spiritual success, then we can no longer categorize this concept as an appropriate element of Buddhism. The Four Noble truths are the essence of the Buddhist path, and to defy them is to defy Buddhism altogether.

Friday, September 13, 2019

Assignment1+2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment1+2 - Essay Example Leadership basically refers to people who have the capacity to bring about changes in other people. Organizations are characterized by the unique culture that is inherent in the overall working of the organization. The fast changing pace of the technology can be observed in the study of the organizations and the changing role of leadership within the organizations. The role of leaders, managers and the administrators of the organizations become more challenging when new strategy and policy decisions are introduced in the organizations. The good leadership ensures effective communication with the employees with shared vision of the new strategy thus promoting better understanding among the employees for easy adaptability to change. Hence, the knowledge of core psycho analytical concepts becomes important tools to the leadership for understanding the organizational behavior that significantly impact group dynamics.. The understanding of psychoanalytical concepts provides invaluable information regarding the socio-psychological factors that adversely affect the performance outcome of the workforce. Unconscious and repression, transference, envy and rivalry are few major concepts that considerably influence the human nature and consequently the behavior of the organization. Freud, the eminent socio-psychologist has contributed extensively towards understanding of these core psychoanalytical ingredients so that the one is better able to analyze human behavior within the prescribed social norms. Social scientists have corroborated that the psycho-analytical perspectives are important tools for understanding the hidden dynamics of human relationship, especially with regard to corporate culture, social defenses, leadership imperatives, motivation and other paradigms associated with organizational behavior (Levinson, 2002; Gabriel, 1999). The understanding equips the leadership with the necessary

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Research summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research summary - Essay Example Between 2000 and 2005 silicosis has been documented to be the cause of 162 annual deaths in the US. During hydraulic fracturing, inhaling dust is hard to avoid and hence the necessary protective gear need to be worn to avoid this. The source is applicable to update Gasland subtopic because it outlines how natural gas and oil extraction produces silica that pollute the air causing health complications such as kidney disease, autoimmune disorders, lung cancer and tuberculosis. Although, hydraulic fracturing is seen as profitable it is the main cause of death in the US as inhaling dust from such extraction is hard to avoid and hence the necessary protective gear need to be worn to avoid this Winter, Mary. "Drilling Down on Shale Gas." State Legislatures. 39.7 (2013): 8. Academic Search Complete. Web. 14 Oct 2013. Environmentalists assert that hydraulic fracturing is a threat to public health because it is air and water pollutant. This is supported by a study of water in heavily drilled Pavillion, Wyo. Residents here are said to complain of brown smelly water. Although some have disputed the study, it was found out that the ground water contained compounds associated with gas production practices such as hydraulic fracturing. ... This conforms to Gasland story in that hydraulic fracturing pollutes both water and air causing brown smelly water, for instance some studies discovered that in the US and other nations where gas extraction is common ground water contained compounds associated with gas production practices such as hydraulic fracturing. "Business heats up in New Mexico." Rock Products. 116.4 (2013): 13. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Oct 2013. Wisconsin center for investigative journalism that incorporates the Wisconsin public radio and the superior telegram has fanned out that one fifth of Wisconsin’s 70 active fracking sand mines ND processing plant were cited for acts of building without the proper permits s well as air pollution. Of more concern to the investigative journalists is the fact that there are rules and regulations governing operations in the mining industry and they are being enforced. The mining businesses need to be familiar with complex storm water, run off and air polluti on regulations and fracking sand mining have shown blatant disregard for environmental regulations. Wisconsin confirms that some mines and processing plants are started without proper permits irrespecting of various rules and regulations governing operations in the mining industry enforced, and thus increasing air pollution. Disregarding these environment regulations have various health effects on people as confirmed by Gasland film. Krisberg, Kim. "CDC releases national action plan to prevent unintentional child injuries." Nation's Health. 42.5 (2012): 6. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Oct 2013. Racing has been recognized as one of the environmental hazards bringing about air pollution near wells. The US environmental protection agency has noted this and has issued new air